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Growing Ginseng Plant in China and the United States
Published in Joseph P. Hou, The Healing Power of Ginseng, 2019
It has been fully demonstrated that ginseng plants can be raised successfully in a field where the necessary conditions are furnished. That is to say, ginseng plants must be provided with a forest-like environment.1–4 Those who own forest lands can grow ginseng plants easily. Also, it was formerly thought that ginseng could grow only under conditions exclusive to the Far East. However, experimental work has shown that ginseng can be raised successfully in many parts of the northern temperate zone, in some regions of European Russia and of southeastern Europe, in eastern Siberia, and in North America.5 Ginseng can be grown from seeds, seedlings, or roots. Plants free from blight or mildew and growing spontaneously in the woodland can be transplanted to prepared gardens. Ginseng is a very slow-growing and exacting crop. It will be disappointing if not properly managed.
Trichothecenes
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
I. Malbrán, C.A. Mourelos, J.R. Girotti, G.A. Lori
In South America, several reports have proven that DON is also the most frequent contaminant of wheat and maize in the temperate regions of Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil,1,57,58 with fewer reports on the presence of HT-2, T-2, and NIV.59 DON has been reported as the major trichothecene found in South Africa60,61 and Saudi Arabia,62 while in Nepalese maize, DON and NIV were the major trichothecenes found.63 Probably because of nonconductive environmental conditions during anthesis, wheat head blight is uncommon in India and Nepal.1 However, DON was found contaminating wheat flour in Kashmir, India.61 In Indian maize and bananas, DAS contamination has been detected, while the presence of T-2 has been reported in peanuts.61 Some reports on the presence of NIV and/or DON are available from samples of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam.1,52 In Australia, DON was found as a contaminant of weather-damaged wheat from Queensland in the early 1980s.64 In New Zealand, Lauren et al.65 found a high incidence of NIV and DON contamination in maize.
Antifungal Activity of Seaweeds and their Extracts
Published in Leonel Pereira, Therapeutic and Nutritional Uses of Algae, 2018
It is a plant pathogen which causes leaf blight on Chlorophytum borivilianum (safed musli), basil, chickpea, and pepper, as well as dieback in pigeon pea and anthracnose in poinsettia (Nayaka et al. 2009). Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Toxicity of Suaeda maritima (L) against the Scirpophaga incertulas (W) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) disease and its non-target effect on earthworm, Eisenia fetida Savigny
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Haridoss Sivanesh, Narayanan Shyam Sundar, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Vethamonickam Stanley-Raja, Ramakrishnan Ramasubramanian, Sengodan Karthi, Kanagaraj Muthu-Pandian Chanthini, Hesham Saleh M. Almoallim, Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
Seeds of rice plants were sown in earthen pots containing 1:1 ratio of sand and soil (25 seeds per pot) and maintained under greenhouse conditions. After 25 days, the plants were transplanted into the pot containing 500 g of sterilized soil; each pot contained about five plants. Xoo inoculums was sub-cultured and grown individually in nutrient broth for 48 h and then centrifuged for 8000×g for 15 m and then re-suspended in sterile distilled water at 2 × 107 CFU/ml. Inoculation was done on 55-days old plant leaves by scissors-dip method (Nisha et al.2012, Kalaivani et al.2021). Solvent phase of the ethyl acetate extracts was evaporated under vacuum at 40 °C using a rotavapor R-114 (Buchi, Flawil, Switzerland) and the residue obtained was dissolved in water (10 g/l). Water and ethyl acetate extract of S. maritima were sprayed on to rice plants with a laboratory atomizer 30 days after transplanting. Treatment with sterile water alone was used as control. Plants were observed for development of bacterial blight disease symptom 14 days after pathogen inoculation. The experiments were repeated thrice with five replications.
Evolution of Federalism in Environmental Health: Federal, State, and Local Government Control
Published in Journal of Legal Medicine, 2020
Jennifer R. Black, Matthew Penn, Laurel Berman
Federalism can support and inform policymaking. When environments are distressed, communities can experience higher rates of health inequity and disparities. In its analysis of the impact of blight—substandard housing, abandoned buildings, and vacant lots—on health, the Urban Institute summarized negative health outcomes associated with blight.215 The Lancet Commission on pollution and health reports that “pollution is the largest environmental cause of disease and premature death in the world today,” with diseases caused by pollution precipitating 9 million premature deaths, or 16% of all deaths worldwide.216 Data from these example sources, along with scores of other studies, can lead to federal policies and programs that protect health. As one example, CDC’s Environmental Public Health Tracking Network “empowers environmental and public health practitioners, healthcare providers, community members, policy makers, and others to make information-driven decisions that affect their health” as related to environmental factors. The program grew out of a need to establish a national tracking network for diseases and exposures, and in 2002 CDC was given money by Congress to establish and grow the network.217
Antifungal activity of fabricated mesoporous silica nanoparticles against early blight of tomato
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
Aly Derbalah, Mohamed Shenashen, Amany Hamza, Ahmed Mohamed, Sherif El Safty
Early blight is a fungal disease that caused by Alternaria solani that occurs on tomatoes worldwide. This fungal disease is generally one of the most severe tomato problems faced and if uncontrolled, early blight can cause significant yield reduction [28]. Therefore, for top yield of high quality tomato fruit, control of this pathogen is essential. The frequent use of fungicides for control of early blight disease resulted in environmental pollution and hazardous effects on human [4,5,7] . This is beside that the application of fungicides led to the emergence of resistant strains of fungi to fungicides [8,9] . Therefore new safe and effective alternatives of fungicides to control plant pathogens such as early blight of tomato considered a source of major concern. The concept of utilizing silica nanoparticles as an antimicrobial agent is comparatively new [29], as the focus has now been shifted towards making non-toxic, safe nanoparticles [30]. The potential effect MSN against early blight disease agrees with many studies reported that several nanoparticles such as silver and selenium controlled this disease effectively [31,32] . The physical characteristics and structural features of MSN, such as the high surface area, unique structure, cylindrically-shaped and uniform pore sizes led to its high antifungal efficacy against A. solani.