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Applications of AI, IoT, IoMT, and Biosensing Devices in Curbing COVID-19
Published in Fadi Al-Turjman, AI-Powered IoT for COVID-19, 2020
Basil Bartholomew Duwa, Mehmet Ozsoz, Fadi Al-Turjman
The avian flu, or avian influenza or bird flu, is a virus that influences birds. This type of flu can be traced to the year 1878, when the first case was recorded. Domestic birds were very affected in developing countries in the 1890s. Recorded millions of birds were dead that year due to the flu.
The Great Influenza
Published in Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey, Viral Pandemics, 2020
Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey
This leads us to avian influenza. Influenza infection in domestic birds has been known to poultry farmers for centuries but was first recorded in Italy in 1878. The disease, originally known as Fowl Plague but now known colloquially as “bird flu,” causes intermittent massive outbreaks in poultry, including repeated major outbreaks in the United States, but before 1990, infections were sporadic and contained. In the 1990s, the world’s poultry population exploded, reflecting the exponential growth in human population and the accompanying increased demand for animal protein. Poultry farmers responded with increasingly intensive poultry production methods including high-density farms and frequent flock movement plus breeding of a single, genetically homogeneous species, a perfect environment for contracting and spreading infection.
The UN: its origins, problems and contradictions
Published in Théodore H MacDonald, David Player, Mathura P Shrestha, Sacrificing the WHO to the Highest Bidder, 2018
An even more negative aspect of TRIPS will be discussed in Chapter 4, where we deal with the issues involved in using the specific viruses that cause disease in LDCs, and the WHO’s rôle in extracting these viruses in order to develop vaccines to counter those diseases. The WHO is free to pass these samples out to private agencies which, once they have developed an effective vaccine, then patent it. The upshot is that the LDC which originally provided the virus has no authoritative rights to the vaccine to protect its own people because, under TRIPS, the vaccine now belongs to the private agency concerned and must be purchased from them. As the reader will be aware, there are several varieties of bird flu, which vary slightly according to where they are active. Indonesia, in good faith, provided the WHO with samples of the bird flu pathogens active there. Only sometime later did they become aware (as discussed in detail below) that the WHO had handed the sample over to a private laboratory for analysis without any precondition that Indonesia should have prior access to any vaccine developed to counter the infection.
COVID-19 vaccine equity: a health systems and policy perspective
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Remco Van De Pas, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Raffaella Ravinetto, Prashanth N Srinivas, Theresa J. Ochoa, Thierno Oumar Fofana, Wim Van Damme
The development, manufacture, and delivery of vaccines for pandemics is a relatively new concept. The world has been thinking about global pandemic vaccination for over 20 years; especially since 1997 when the emergence of the deadly bird flu H5N1 in Asia stimulated the development of pre-pandemic vaccines. Equity issues arose at that time as companies needed access to the virus for vaccine production. In 2007, Indonesia stopped sharing flu virus strains until they were assured access to the benefits of vaccine production [22]. It led to the creation of the WHO’s Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework in 2011 intending to create ‘a fair, transparent, equitable, efficient, effective system for access to vaccines and sharing of other benefits’ [23]. In response to the H1N1 pandemic in April 2009, the WHO started the Vaccine Deployment Initiative [24]. Despite the initial commitment of 100 million doses, the initiative had to deal with several legal, planning, and certification delays. The pandemic was not as serious as initially feared and enthusiasm for vaccination waned in many countries. Although the COVID-19 pandemic is more deadly and impactful, the current vaccine equity debate, however, feels much a déjà vu.
COVID-19 corollary: the changing role of a hospital epidemiologist in the new world
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Teena Chopra, Phillip Levy, Glenn Tillotson, Jack Sobel
Cities will need biocontainment centers led by infectious disease experts. These centers, as in Nebraska Medical Center have proved critically valuable with the recent Ebola pandemic [1]. These specialized centers are constructed and equipped to contain and treat highly infectious, contagious deadly diseases, such as those that can easily spread through the air. Among the diseases these facilities can handle are bird flu (avian influenza), drug-resistant tuberculosis, monkeypox, plague, SARS, smallpox, and tularemia. They are designed to handle rare, virulent pathogens.
Management of influenza – updated Swedish guidelines for antiviral treatment
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Johan Westin, Emmi Andersson, Malin Bengnér, Anna Berggren, Mia Brytting, Erica Ginström Ernstad, Anna C. Nilsson, Martina Wahllöf, Gabriel Westman, Maria Furberg
Influenza also occurs in other animals, for example, domestic pigs. Swine flu, like bird flu, can be zoonotically transmitted to people in close contact with infected animals. The most important human medical aspect of influenza in animals is that influenza A from for example bird or pig can develop into new virus types by recombination with human pathogenic viruses, which can infect and spread between humans.