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Manic episode
Published in Dinesh Kumar Jain, Homeopathy, 2022
If we find that in the natural course, without taking any drug, a disease subsides automatically, then how can we say that disease is cured by taking a drug. For example, bacillary dysentery is cured automatically within 24 hours without taking any treatment. If we give any treatment to this patient, it will seem to be effective. But it will not be the truth. It will be a false conclusion. Similarly, manic episodes subside automatically, and after a period of normality, again there is an episode of the manic reaction. It is a normal cycle for manic patients that first mania then normality, and after some time, there is again mania.
Nutritional Disorders/Alternative Medicine
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Food poisoning involves gastrointestinal symptoms after consumption of foods or drink, usually due to salmonella or an enterotoxin. Foods, water or milk can also be carriers for the enteric (intestinal) fevers—typhoid or paratyphoid—caused by Salmonella organisms. Bacillary dysentery (Shigella) and cholera (Vibrio cholerae) are other bacterial diseases spread through food or drinking water. Amebic dysentery, caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica, is transmitted by water or uncooked foods contaminated with human feces. The term traveler's diarrhea refers to the gastrointestinal disorder that occurs from strains of enterobacteria to which immunities have not been developed.
Shigella: Insights into the Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Strategies
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Periyanaina Kesika, Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi, Krishnaswamy Balamurugan
Shigella is a predominant causative agent of acute intestinal infection named bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in developing countries. Shigella spp. are gram-negative, nonencapsulated, facultative anaerobic bacilli of the family Enterobacteriaceae and were first described by Kiyoshi Shiga at the end of the nineteenth century.6 Shigellosis is a life-threatening disease mostly in children (under age 5), and it is estimated that approximately 80–165 million cases and 1 million deaths occur annually. Shigella spreads by fecal-oral contamination, and after ingestion, it invades the colonic epithelium and causes severe inflammation that leads to dysentery.
Intestinal phages interact with bacteria and are involved in human diseases
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
It is typical that phages interact specifically with a single strain of bacteria. Phage–bacterial interaction networks are nested and modular. These interactions are continuously evolving, although their evolution may be influenced by localization in organs and tissues and the complexity of the interaction network.13 Phage activity affects the number and behavior of host bacteria and mediates gene transfer between bacteria during host inflammation. Phages are related to microecological balance and imbalance, and they can affect human health via predation of the bacterial ecological landscape or via more indirect routes, such as influencing metabolism and the immune system. Regulating the relationship between phages and bacteria can maintain the health of the body and even reverse diseases. In the 1930s, phages were used to fight infection in the United States, and later large-scale successful clinical trials were conducted on their use.14 Subsequently, phages have been widely used for the prevention and treatment of bacillary dysentery and staphylococcal infection in South America.15,16 In recent years, phages have been widely used for ultrasensitive biomarker detection, enhanced biological imaging for disease diagnosis, targeted drugs and gene delivery, effective vaccination, replacement of antibiotics for sterilization, and more.
Bacterial infection during wars, conflicts and post-natural disasters in Asia and the Middle East: a narrative review
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Tania Nawfal Dagher, Charbel Al-Bayssari, Seydina M. Diene, Eid Azar, Jean-Marc Rolain
One of the most common and severe forms of natural disasters is a flood, which represents up to one-half of all-natural disasters on the planet [111,112]. The intensity and frequency of flooding are expected to increase due to sea-level rise and more frequent and extraordinary precipitation [113]. China is considered one of the most flood-prone countries in the world. There are many factors that promote a high risk of exposure to floods, such as the large population, complex topography, climate conditions and sudden urbanization [109]. During the flood that occurred in Huai river in 2007, the most generally announced diseases were malaria, diarrhea, and bacillary dysentery, with an incidence rate of respectively 17.867/100,000, 8.113/100,000 and 3.474/100,000 [109]. A quantitative study of the burden of bacillary dysentery related to flooding in Hunan, China, showed that these floods were responsible for the increased risk of cases contaminated by bacillary dysentery (Odds ratios (OR) which were used to quantify the risk of the floods on the disease is equal to 3.270, in Jishou; and OR = 2.212, in Huaihua) [114].
Mechanisms of bacillary dysentery: lessons learnt from infant rabbits
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
The presence of blood in stool is a hallmark of bacillary dysentery. Our comparative analysis with bacterial mutants in the infant rabbit model provided critical insight into the mechanisms supporting bloody diarrhea. In animals infected with wild type bacteria, we observed vascular lesions as indicated by massive presence of red blood cells in the intestinal mucosa (Figure 2(a), top, RBC and Figure 2(b), middle). Importantly, we also observed vascular lesions in animals infected with the spreading-defective mutant ΔicsA (Figure 2(a), bottom and Figure 2(c), middle). Since we did not observe signs of vascular lesions in animals challenged with the invasion-defective T3SS mutant, these results indicate that vascular lesions occur in response to intracellular infection of epithelial cells, regardless of the ability of the bacteria to spread from cell to cell. We speculate that in response to the presence of bacteria in the cytosol, epithelial cells produce cytokines that may remotely affect endothelial cell junctions, leading to massive leakage of blood vessels. It is also possible that the production of chemokines leads to infiltration of immune cells, which may also affect the integrity of endothelial cell junctions. The mechanisms supporting S. flexneri cytosolic detection in vivo and leading to cytokine and chemokine expression are poorly understood. In addition to the mechanisms supporting epithelial fenestration, the infant rabbit model offers a new platform to dissect the mechanisms mediating vascular lesions.