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Order Mononegavirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Avulaviruses possess a long and successful history of generation of viral vectors for the expression of foreign proteins, including foreign glycoproteins and/or chimeric glycoproteins consisting of foreign glycoprotein fragments inserted into authentic glycoproteins and acting as vaccine and gene therapy candidates. Thus, chimeric NDV and human parainfluenza virus 3 (Deng et al. 1997) and NDV and avian paramyxovirus (Peeters et al. 2001) glycoproteins HN could be mentioned among the earliest examples of the vaccine and virus delivery approach based on the construction of mixed envelopes.
The improved antiviral activities of amino-modified chitosan derivatives on Newcastle virus
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Xiaofei He, Ronge Xing, Song Liu, Yukun Qin, Kecheng Li, Huahua Yu, Pengcheng Li
Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious disease, caused by a bird virus—Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Its typical symptoms are respiratory tract bleeding and digestive tract mucosa. As one of the avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1), genus Avulavirus, family Paramyxoviridae (Ecco et al. 2011), Newcastle disease can infect 236 species (Kapczynski et al. 2013) of birds including duck and pigeon (De Oliveira Torres Carrasco et al. 2008) which results in enormous loss in economy. It is one of three major epidemics in birds and also causes symptoms on human. Nowadays, the treatment of ND mainly depends on prevention, especially on LaSota vaccine. Although a variety of vaccines were available and immunization procedures have been improved, the incidence remains high due to resistance, side effects, and expensive price.
Chicken toll-like receptors and their significance in immune response and disease resistance
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2019
Aamir Nawab, Lilong An, Jiang Wu, Guanghui Li, Wenchao Liu, Yi Zhao, Qimin Wu, Mei Xiao
Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most important avian infectious diseases caused by avian paramyxovirus type1 (APMV-1). It has been stated that chicken infected with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) had increased gene and antibody response [58]. The antibody response was different in chicken’s species. TLR ligand CpG (TLR21) used as adjuvants against NDV vaccine had higher serum IgG, mucosal IgA and proliferation of T cell [104]. Some of the genes including MHC-1, IFN-α, IFN-γ and cytokines (IL 6 and IL 18) were used in the above-mentioned study [103]. The study observed that MHC-1, IFN-α, IFN-γ genes expression were up-regulated and IL-6 gene expression was down-regulated [103]. Genes involved in the pro-inflammatory response, cellular responses and various other genes that regulate interferon were affected during the infection. The findings suggest that different genes and their signaling pathways are involved in the animals’ body towards infection [115]. In addition, resiquimod (R-848) is a potent synthetic toll-like receptor 7 agonist. A study has reported that R-848 showed potential adjuvant capacity with Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine in white leghorn chicken [116]. They concluded that R-848 up-regulated the expression of IL-4, IL-1β, MHC-II, iNOS, IFN-α, IFN-β and IFN-γ transcripts in the chicken spleen which reflects the potential protection capacity of inactivated ND vaccine against viral infection of ND [116, 117, 154].