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The Potential of Medicinal Plants as Treatments for Infections Caused by Aspergillus spp.
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Tefo K. Pule, Marco N. De Canha, Namrita Lall, Quenton Kritzinger
Aspergillus fumigatus is reported to be the main etiological agent of infections. However, in some instances, A. flavus has also been isolated from diseased individuals. The collection of respiratory diseases caused by various Aspergillus spp. is called aspergillosis (Xavier et al., 2008). Since the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classifies aspergillosis as a non-notifiable infection in the United States, it is challenging to report on the statistics and global impact of this fungal infection. There have, however, been reports that show 2.5% of adults who suffer from asthma also have aspergillosis, which is estimated to be around 4.8 million people who could potentially be suffering from the infection (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014).
Common rhinology and facial plastics viva topics
Published in Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar, Advanced ENT Training, 2019
Non-invasive fungal sinusitis can be further divided into two major subtypes: Mycetoma ‘fungal ball’, typically affecting one sinus cavity, commonly the maxillary sinus and often an incidental CT finding. Aspergillus fumigatus is often the causative pathogen. Patients are usually immunocompetent. It can be associated with dental infections, asthma, diabetes and granulomatous inflammatory conditions of the sinonasal cavity. CT sinuses generally reveal no bone erosion, however there may be evidence of a bony reaction (osteitis) and new bone formation due to the chronic inflammation. Typically a double-density sign may be present due to the accumulation of heavy metals in the fungal hyphae. Mycetoma produce signal voids in MRI T2-weighted scans, resembling an aerated sinus cavity. Endoscopic sinus surgery to create a wide middle meatal antrostomy will allow complete removal of the fungal ball.Allergic fungal sinusitis, a disease often associated with thick mucin rich in eosinophils (‘axle-grease’) and positive stain for fungal infection. Patients often suffer from symptoms of CRS that are resistant to medical therapy.
Infection in the Hematopoeitic Stem Cell Transplant Recipient with Autoimmune Disease
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Valentina Stosor, Teresa R. Zembower
Candida albicans is the most common opportunistic pathogen diagnosed at the time of death in lupus patients, although it may not be the primary cause of death. Candida infections can manifest clinically as oral, vaginal, invasive, or disseminated disease. It is frequently found in combination with other pathogens.31Crytpococcus neoformans infections, primarily meningitis, have been described. Like nocardiosis, cryptococcal meningitis may be difficult to diagnosis as its symptoms can mimic CNS lupus.31 Several cases of pulmonary and CNS aspergillosis, primarily due to Aspergillus fumigatus, have been reported, most of which have been fatal. Often the diagnosis is made postmortem, again because the symptoms may mimic lupus.41,42
Discovery of a novel Aurora B inhibitor GSK650394 with potent anticancer and anti-aspergillus fumigatus dual efficacies in vitro
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Yuhua He, Wei Fu, Liyang Du, Huiqiao Yao, Zhengkang Hua, Jinyu Li, Zhonghui Lin
The compound GSK650394 was previously synthesised by GlaxoSmithKline and developed as an inhibitor of serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinases, SGK1 and SGK228. It has been shown that GSK650394 possesses antiproliferative properties against many cancer cell lines including lung cancer29, thyroid cancer30, and human prostate cancer28. In this study, we performed a high-throughput small-molecule screen of about 8,000 compounds against the ATPase activity of human Aurora B followed by a validation of anti-cancer effects in vitro, and a secondary screen for anti-Aspergillus fumigatus activity. These screens identify GSK650394 as a novel Aurora B inhibitor with potent anti-cancer activity in HeLa and HepG2 cell lines and anti-proliferation activity in Aspergillus fumigatus human pathogenic fungal cells. Our findings are thus expected to provide new insight into the combinational treatment of cancer patients with Aspergillus fumigatus infection.
Azole resistance in Aspergillus species: promising therapeutic options
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
Shirisha Pasula, Pranatharthi H. Chandrasekar
Aspergillus fumigatus can cause a wide variety of pulmonary fungal diseases, including hypersensitivity pneumonitis, acute invasive aspergillosis (IA), chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA), and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) [1]. The triazoles, itraconazole, isavuconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole are antifungal agents with potent activity against A. fumigatus. Itraconazole and voriconazole are the preferred agents in patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Voriconazole and isavuconazole have been studied as first-line agents for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Posaconazole is mainly used for prophylaxis against invasive fungal infections in patients with hematological diseases [2–4]. There is an increasing global concern for azole resistance creating difficulty in choosing reliable effective antifungal regimen and is associated with increased mortality. This paper reviews epidemiology, mechanisms and detection of azole resistance, and therapeutic options for azole-resistant Aspergillus infections.
Pneumocystis jirovecii: a review with a focus on prevention and treatment
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
R. Benson Weyant, Dima Kabbani, Karen Doucette, Cecilia Lau, Carlos Cervera
Modern detection methods are based on PCR which can have higher utility in non-HIV where staining is less sensitive [33]. A drawback to PCR is that the test can be positive if someone has asymptomatic colonization with PJ. Quantitative PCR (qPCR), as the name suggests, allows for the quantification of PJ burden but there is currently no consensus the cutoff points to distinguish colonization from infection [33]. The development of broad respiratory pathogen panels using next-generation sequencing (NGS) allows for increased detection of PJ, with the use of more accessible specimen types, such as throat swabs [13]. For another fungal pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus, urine-based diagnostic tests are currently being investigated using monoclonal antibodies [34]. Theoretically the same idea could be used for PJ.