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Antiviral Nanomaterials in Therapeutic Interventions
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Karan Chaudhary, Dhanraj T. Masram
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an RNA virus having a single strand, and it is a positive strand. And as per the classification of viruses, PRRSV has been classified within the Arteriviridae family (Du et al. 2018b; Zhou et al. 2020).
Order Nidovirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The nidoviral genome is an infectious, linear, positive-sense single-stranded RNA molecule, which is capped and polyadenylated. As reviewed by de Groot et al. (2012), the two groups—large and small nidoviruses—can be distinguished by the genome size. The genomes of the large nidoviruses are well over 25 kb in length with size differences in the 5 kb range: 26.4–31.7 kb (Coronavirus), 28–28.5 kb (Torovirus), about 26.6 (Bafinivirus), and 26.2–26.6 kb (Okavirus). The small nidoviruses include the single Arteriviridae family with genomes of 12.7–15.7 kb in length. Therefore, the coronavirus genomes have the longest RNA virus genome known to date. Their RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is also the only one known to display a proofreading function, possibly to stabilize this long RNA sequence. Figure 26.2 presents the general structure of the SARS-CoV-2 genome, which is the most topical kind of nidovirus just now. The 5’-most two-thirds of the genome comprise the two large, partially overlapping ORFs 1a and 1b, which constitute the replicase gene and together encode a collection of enzymes that are part of the replication complex. The virion RNA functions as mRNA1 for the ORFs 1a and 1b, but the expression of the latter requires a programmed ribosomal frameshift.
Torovirus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Ziton Abdulrida Ighewish Al-Khafaji, Ghanim Aboud Al-Mola
Double-membrane vesicles (DMV) are membranous structures derived from the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi having a diameter of about 200–300 nm. They are produced by Picornaviridae and Nidovirales: Arteriviridae and Coronaviridae. All of these viruses produce dsRNA intermediate during replication, and they may replicate in isolated compartments to be hidden from the innate cellular immunity dsRNA sensors. Nidovirales DMV structures are linked by a single network of ER-derived membranes [40].
The vital role of animal, marine, and microbial natural products against COVID-19
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Aljawharah A. Alqathama, Rizwan Ahmad, Ruba B. Alsaedi, Raghad A. Alghamdi, Ekram H. Abkar, Rola H. Alrehaly, Ashraf N. Abdalla
Coronavirus is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus (diameter of 60–140 nm) belonging to the Coronaviridae family which together with Roniviridae and Arteriviridae, belongs to the Nidovirales order. The subfamilies under Coronaviridae are the Torovirinae and Coronavirinae subfamilies; the latter are further subclassified into α-, β-, γ-, and δ-COVs with SARS-CoV-2 belonging to the β-COV group. This RNA virus family is known for its diversity in different animal species as well as its ability to attack different body systems such as the respiratory, hepatic, nervous system, and gastrointestinal systems. The term coronavirus comes from the crown-like (‘corona’ from the Latin) appearance of the club-like projections of spike glycoproteins on the surface envelope of the virus, which can be perceived with an electron microscope (Hassan et al. 2020). SARS-CoV-2 was first discovered at an animal market in China and can be transmitted from animals to humans. Human-to-human transmission is common if the individual is in the contagious phase of the infection, either symptomatically or asymptomatically. Common paths of transmission are via airborne droplets entering the nose, mouth or eyes, as well as contact with surfaces such as skin or faecal matter. Long-range transmission has also been detected from inhalation of airborne dust (Sharma et al. 2020).
Potential of CRISPR/Cas system in the diagnosis of COVID-19 infection
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2021
V. Edwin Hillary, Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu, S. Antony Ceasar
The SARS-CoV-2 has a linear, and positive-stranded RNA which transmits deadly infections to all eukaryotic organisms [18]. It belongs to the families Coronaviridae, Roniviridae, and Arteriviridae and to the order Nidovirales [19,20]. They are classified into four genera: 1) Alpha coronaviruses that include human coronavirus NL63 (hcOv-NL63), porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (PTGEV); 2) Beta coronaviruses that include SARS-CoV, coronavirus HKU4, MERS-CoV, bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bat, mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV) and human coronavirus OC43; 3) Gamma that include avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus (IBV); and 4) Delta coronaviruses that include porcine delta coronavirus (pdCoV) [21–23]. Coronaviridae and Ronoviridae have large-sized RNA viral genomes ranging from 26 to 32 kbp. It is covered by a helical capsid formed by nucleocapsid protein (N) [24] and surrounded by an envelope protein (E). The structure of viral associated proteins includes the membrane protein (M) [25] and E protein [26] that aid in virus assembly, and the spike protein (S) that allows the virus to enter into the host. Among these, the S protein is large which appears like a crown. Due to the presence of crown-like structure (latin word corona meaning crown), this virus is termed as coronavirus [18,27]
Evaluation and characteristics of immunological adjuvant activity of purified fraction of Albizia julibrissin saponins
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2019
Binnian Zhu, Tianyu He, Xiangyun Gao, Minghua Shi, Hongxiang Sun
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a chronic and economically devastating disease in the worldwide swine industry, characterized by reproductive failure in sows and respiratory disease in pigs of all ages (Guo et al., 2018; Ko et al., 2015). Its causative agent is PRRS virus, which belongs to genus Porartevirus (family Arteriviridae, order Nidovirales) according to the recently updated and amended taxonomy (Adams et al., 2017). Although PRRS can increase the mortality, it is transmissible among pigs in more cases to influence growth performance which result in the slow growth and decreased feed efficiency (Ks et al., 2016). It causes economic losses of approximately US$ 644 million annually in the United States (Holtkamp et al., 2013).