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Order Bunyavirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Although the substitution of arenaviral envelopes with foreign ones does not fit precisely into the traditional concept of the VLPs, we decided to include these approaches into the section describing arenaviruses as potential VLP-based epitope carriers. First, a chimeric LCMV variant, where the glycoprotein G of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was used to substitute the GP of LCMV, was constructed (Pinschewer et al. 2003). This allowed identification of arenaviral GP as a serious Achilles heel hampering generation of live attenuated arenavirus vaccines by reverse genetic engineering (Bergthaler et al. 2006). The rLCMV/VSV-G chimeras provided strong immunological background for further development of GP exchange vaccines for combating arenaviral hemorrhagic fevers (Pinschewer et al. 2010). Further, placing LASV GP on the backbone of LCMV resulted in a chimeric virus that displayed high tropism for dendritic cells following in vitro or in vivo infection of mice (Lee AM et al. 2013). Introduction of point mutations and module exchanges into LASV GP on the pseudotyped rLCMV allowed further mapping of immunological and functional units of arenaviral GPs (Sommerstein et al. 2014). Another example of a chimeric virus is the Mopeia-Lassa reassortant ML29 vaccine virus, which contained L and Z genes from Mopeia virus, while NP and GP genes were derived from LASV, as reviewed substantially by Carrion et al. (2012).
Unexplained Fever In Neurological Disorders
Published in Benedict Isaac, Serge Kernbaum, Michael Burke, Unexplained Fever, 2019
This is an infection with arenavirus. In Argentina 13,000 cases have been reported in Buenos Aires and adjacent provinces during one epidemic.35 The virus is carried in several species of local rodents (cricetidae). This is a serious infection with a mortality rate of 10 to 20%. The clinical signs include high fever, headache, lymphadenopathy, and erythematous exanthem. Varied neurological signs are found in fatal cases. Unfortunately, the spinal fluid is frequently normal when atypical pathological signs of hemorrhagic encephalitis are usually present. The virus can be recovered from the brain.35 A similar related disease has been described in Bolivia and is due to Machupo virus while the Argentinian virus is known as Junin virus.36 A related disorder is known as “Lassa fever”, reported from Nigeria.
Veterinary Care
Published in Donna J. Clemons, Jennifer L. Seeman, The Laboratory GUINEA PIG, 2016
Donna J. Clemons, Jennifer L. Seeman
Several cytomegalovirus isolates have been identified that affect humans, mice, guinea pigs, and other species. Guinea pig cytomegalovirus, like those of other mammals, is a species-specific herpesvirus that can persist in infected hosts for long periods of time. The virus is widespread in infected colonies, and disease is usually subclinical.The uncommon clinical presentations are swelling of the salivary glands, fetal deaths, and acute death.133,134Microscopic examination of tissues reveals eosinophilic inclusion bodies in the ductal epithelium of the salivary glands.Because the disease is spread transplacentally, no preventative measures are recommended other than careful selection of animals.Lymphocytic choriomeningitis occurs as a natural disease in the guinea pig. A member of the arena virus group, this agent is not host specific and is capable of causing disease in many mammalian species, including humans.The natural host, the mouse, can in some cases become an asymptomatic, sero-negative carrier of the disease, but this type of latent infection has not been confirmed in the guinea pig.Clinical lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) in guinea pigs is characterized by symptoms of meningitis and rear limb paralysis.Pneumonia, fatty liver, and enlarged spleens may be found in infected animals in addition to the hallmark lymphocytic infiltrate in the meninges.Serologic screening of sentinel animals can detect the presence of the disease in a group.The virus may be spread by aerosol, biting insects, or contamination with urine. It may also be spread through the use of contaminated biologicals, such as tumors, injected into the guinea pig.There is no treatment or control other than serologic surveillance, elimination of wild rodents, and sanitation.
An overview of proteomic methods for the study of ‘cytokine storms’
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
Paul David, Frederik J. Hansen, Adil Bhat, Georg F. Weber
BD Biosciences offers the BD® Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) that detects cytokines in three formats: CBA Kits, CBA Flex, and CBA Enhanced Sensitivity Flex Sets. With CBA Kits, a group in China measured the cytokine level in children infected with COVID-19 [62]. Another group characterized the inflammatory cytokine profiles in cerebrospinal fluid of hand, foot, and mouth disease in children with enterovirus-related encephalitis [63]. CBA-enhanced Sensitivity Flex kits were used to detect the cytokine level while performing a detailed investigation of arenavirus hemorrhagic fever (AHF) pathophysiology [64]. Biolegend’s Human Cytokine Panel 2 is a multiplex bead-based assay panel, using fluorescence encoded beads convenient for application on different flow cytometers [65]. This panel permits simultaneous measurements of 13 human cytokines [4]. Cytometric-based assays have the advantage of being economical than ELISA in terms of cost and sample used for the assays. Although sensitivity could be a minor issue, this is generally counterbalanced by the extensive amount of data generated from a single experiment.
Patent landscape of novel technologies for combating category-A Arenavirus infections
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2020
Harshal Sudhakar, Jignesh Bhate, Asish Kumar Patra
Most of Arenavirus cases are zoonotic infections wherein, the carrier rodents shed the viral particles in saliva, urine, and feces. Infection in humans is through accidental contact or through inhalation of aerosol particles dispersed by the rodent carrier [13]. Due to ease of transmission, both vertical and horizontal transfer of virus has been reported, while human to human transmissions are rare [1]. Arenaviruses infection is associated with nonspecific clinical manifestation and hence difficult to diagnose, often leading to wrong diagnosis [7]. Virus isolation and in-vitro culture in Vero E6 cell line has been the gold standard test for VHF diagnosis. Currently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based diagnostics are available and are finding increased usage [14]. Delay in diagnosis leads to increased risk of horizontal transmission among humans. Usage of personnel protection equipment and standard containment procedures can reduce the chances of secondary infections and nosocomial infections to near zero [1].
Platelet interactions with viruses and parasites
Published in Platelets, 2015
These include the Old World Lassa fever virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and the New World Junin, Guanarito, Machupo and Sabia viruses [49]. Although there is evidence that partial platelet depletion increases disease severity in LCMV infection, little is known about the pathogenesis of Arenavirus VHF [50–52].