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Pillars of Infection Management
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Antibacterial agents (antibiotics) are used to treat bacterial infections, antiviral agents are used to treat viral infections, antiparasitic agents are used to treat infections caused by parasites and antifungal agents are used to treat infections caused by yeasts and moulds (commonly grouped as fungi). Together, these agents are also referred to as antimicrobials. There is widespread (mis)use of antimicrobials for both preventing and treating infections. An unintended consequence of antimicrobial treatment is the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant organisms as well as increased risk of drug toxicity, length of hospital stay, increased morbidity and mortality and increased costs. It is therefore worthwhile to consider the following.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Joel J. Kirschbaum, Adorjan Aszalos
The comprehensive review is divided into sections, as follows: aminoglycoside; anthelmintics and other antiparasitic agents; antileprosy and antituberculosis; antitumor; antiviral; β-lactam; polyene; polypeptide; sulfonamide; tetracycline; topical anti-infective; unclassified and miscellaneous; and veterinary (animal health). Some drugs can fit into more than one category, and a drug may have been used as the internal standard to help compensate for inefficient extraction or protein binding in a biological matrix.
New Biological Targets for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis
Published in Venkatesan Jayaprakash, Daniele Castagnolo, Yusuf Özkay, Medicinal Chemistry of Neglected and Tropical Diseases, 2019
Fabrizio Carta, Andrea Angeli, Christian D.-T. Nielsen, Claudiu T. Supuran, Agostino Cilibrizzi
Other research groups have also investigated sulfonamide-based compounds as antiparasitic agents. For instance, Galiana-Roselló et al. synthetized N-naphthalenesulfonamide derivatives 11a–c (Figure 10) which determined a potent inhibition on the promastigote form of four Leishmania species (i.e., L. infantum, L. braziliensis, L. guyanensis, and L. amazonensis). Subsequently, in vivo studies demonstrated that these compounds are also active on the amastigote form of L. amazonensis and L. infantum, with additional anti-nuclear and/or anti-tubulin effects on L. infantum promastigote stages (Galiana-Roselló et al. 2013).
Medicinal plants as a source of antiparasitics: an overview of experimental studies
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2023
Sandamalie Ranasinghe, Anthony Armson, Alan J. Lymbery, Alireza Zahedi, Amanda Ash
This review focused on studies that have evaluated plants and plant derivatives as antiparasitic agents in searching for novel drugs and lead compounds. Plants or their isolates have been tested against almost all common GI parasites, although only a few studies are available on Cryptosporidium species. Overall, the results of these experimental studies present valuable information on bioassays which can help design future studies in terms of methods, doses, and experimental models. This review found plants and plant-derived compounds with significant in vitro and in vivo effects on GI protozoan and helminth parasites. Some plant extracts have shown similar effects to broad-spectrum antiparasitic drugs. The traditional use of plants provides crucial evidence for identifying and developing synergistic drugs; however, this aspect needs to be explored further.
A patent review of pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications of oxadiazole derivatives for the treatment of chronic diseases (2013–2021)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2022
Abbas Hassan, Abid Hussain Khan, Faiza Saleem, Haseen Ahmad, Khalid Mohammed Khan
The novel compounds exhibit excellent activity at low rates of effective doses that are well tolerated by plants and are environmentally safe. These compounds can protect growing plant parts while acting as inhibitors, destroyers, or dressings against pests that occur in parts of plants, particularly crops. The active compounds can also be coated on grains. These highly effective oxadiazole compounds can also be used in combination with other anthelmintic and antiparasitic agents. Synthetic oxadiazole compounds at 200 ppm of the applied formulation provide a minimum of 80% disease control in testing against a small part of mycelium or suspensions of conidia fungus. Advantageous rates of application of a composition containing the desired compound along with extenders, solvents, solid carriers, and surfactants are 20 g to 600 g of active ingredient per hectare. When applied as a seed soaking agent, expedient dosages of active ingredients range from 10 mg to 1 g per kg of seeds [98,99].
Ivermectin: a mini-review
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
The avermectins are commonly used antiparasitic agents with activity against arthropods and nematodes [1]. Derived from Streptomyces bacteria found naturally in soil, the avermectin class of drugs, including abamectin, ivermectin, eprinomectin, doramectin, and selamectin, are structurally similar macrocyclic lactone compounds differentiated by the presence of A and B components [1]. Ivermectin is composed of avermectin B1 components and was initially marketed for animal use in 1981. In 1987, it was registered for human use as a treatment for onchocerciasis (river blindness) [1,2]. Currently, ivermectin is used in humans as a prescription medication for Strongyloides stercoralis, Onchocerca volvulus, and Ascariasis infections as well as lice, scabies, and rosacea.