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Cryptosporidium spp
Published in Peter D. Walzer, Robert M. Genta, Parasitic Infections in the Compromised Host, 2020
During the past several years I have been made aware of several outbreaks of respiratory cryptosporidiosis in broiler houses, particularly in the southeastern United States, most of which have resulted in increased morbidity and mortality. Several producers have suggested that respiratory cryptosporidiosis may also contribute to airsacculitis condemnation of broilers during processing. Although it is not known why sudden outbreaks of respiratory cryptosporidiosis occur, recent studies (44a) have shown that the same species of parasite commonly found in the bursa of Fabricius of broilers (C. baileyi) can produce respiratory disease in chickens and turkeys. Approximately a week after intratracheal inoculation of C. baileyi oocysts isolated from the bursa of Fabricius of commercial broilers, young turkeys and chickens may develop respiratory disease associated with extensive colonization of the mucosal epithelium by the parasite (unpublished data).
An extensive review of experimental ochratoxicosis in poultry: II. Hemato-biochemical and immunological alterations along with other health issues
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Birds getting OTA contaminated feed becomes more prone to parasitic diseases and/or secondary bacterial infections (Stoev et al.2002b) and this happens due to immunosuppression along with nephrotoxicity induced by OTA. Fukata et al. (1996) reported the increased incidence of acute enteritis in birds given OTA contaminated feed. OTA given in feed also increases the chances of air sacculitis as secondary infection of E. coli in turkeys (Hamilton et al.1982). The immunosuppression, growth suppression and other OTA associated alterations make the birds more compromised and prone to other bacterial infections and in such cases the secondary infections become much aggravated as compared to that observed in birds receiving feed without OTA. Kumar et al. (2003, 2004) observed an aggravated infection of E. coli in birds concurrently administered with OTA in feed while Elissalde et al. (1994) reported an enhances Salmonella typhimurium infection when co-administered with OTA. Similarly OTA administration in birds also aggravates different viruses induced infections as observed alongside IBH virus (Sandhu et al.1995).
Toxicity induced by ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin: oxidative stress and metabolism
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Sara Badawy, YaQin Yang, Yanan Liu, Marawan A. Marawan, Irma Ares, María-Aránzazu Martinez, María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga, Xu Wang, Arturo Anadón, Marta Martínez
Pharmacokinetics alterations of flunixin (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug [NSAID], analgesic and antipyretic) increase the AUC and terminal half-life by 41% and 53%, respectively, when coadministered with ENR in mice (Ogino and Arai 2007). Additionally, there was exaggerated hepato-renal dysfunction in calves (Abo-El-Sooud and Al-Anati 2011). ENR traces in drinking water can significantly change the pharmacokinetic profile of doxycycline in chickens by elevating its concentration in plasma and lung and prolonging its elimination time in both healthy and M. gallisepticum–infected broiler chickens (Gbylik-Sikorska et al. 2016b, 2018). Continuously administered ENR may bind to hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS), which is commonly used in the poultry feed ration. This phenomenon would lead to a decrease in clinical efficacy and promote the development of antimicrobial resistance (Mekala et al. 2015). Repeated oral administration of ENR with meloxicam (an NSAID) in rabbits induces greater oxidative imbalance (Khan et al. 2017). On the other hand, repeated administration of meloxicam and ENR or higher dose therapies for eye infection treatment promotes ABCG-2 transporter immunolocalization in the rabbit retina, which leads to ABCG-2-mediated pharmacokinetic resistance with these drugs (Khan et al. 2018). Combinations of antibiotics that are used as alternatives to control or treat the same animal illnesses (such as macrolides and ENR for airsacculitis in chickens) when withdrawn simultaneously hence risks to human health (Cox and Popken 2006). Overall, CIP and ENR show unique deposition and distribution patterns in different target tissues.