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The Smallpox Story
Published in Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey, Viral Pandemics, 2020
Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey
In the immediate post 9/11 atmosphere, the 2002 White House budget requested 11 billion dollars over two years to “enhance national protections against biological terrorists.”83 Former President George W. Bush signed the Project BioShield Act in 2004 to accelerate research, development, purchase, and availability of medical countermeasures against chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear agents. With specific reference to smallpox, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the CDC developed new recommendations for smallpox pre-vaccination of designated healthcare teams at every acute care hospital in the country. In the event of a bioweapons attack with smallpox, these teams of vaccinated individuals were designated to provide continuous care of suspected smallpox cases for the first 48 hours until additional healthcare workers could be vaccinated. The ACIP recommendations, published in 2003, provided detailed instructions on the composition of the smallpox care teams and the prevention of disease transmission.84 After 2008, the recommendations were updated with the freeze-dried vaccine, Dryvax, replacing the live smallpox vaccinia vaccine, ACAM2000, for protection of at-risk individuals.85 Between December 2002 and October 2009, more than 1.8 million US service members received smallpox vaccinations.
Mpox: epidemiology, clinical manifestations and recent developments in treatment and prevention
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Nikil Selvaraj, Shreya Shyam, Puvin Dhurairaj, Kaviarasan Thiruselvan, Akil Thiruselvan, Yochana Kancherla, Pritika Kandamaran
Both vaccinations can be used on anyone older than 18 years of age. The effectiveness of Jynneos in preventing MPXV in patients is not well understood. Its effectiveness is deduced from safety and immunogenicity investigations in people as well as vaccination efficacy studies employing animal models (prairie dogs and cynomolgus macaques) [23]. ACAM2000-like replication-competent Vaccinia virus is used in the third vaccine, the experimental Aventis Pasteur Smallpox Vaccine, to prevent smallpox. When the other two vaccinations are not available, they may be used in the US under the Investigational New Drug process or with emergency use authorization. Using intranasal challenge animal models, ACAM2000 and Jynneos have been investigated as postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). At lower inoculum dosages, both vaccinations offered modest protection against Mpox [20]. For Jynneos, immunization is given one day after exposure was more effective than vaccination is given three days after exposure, whereas ACAM2000 was equally efficacious at both post-exposure vaccination time points. Healthcare workers in the DRC were successfully immunized against Mpox as part of feasibility and immunogenicity trials with continuous follow-up [26]. (Figure 4)
Reemergence of monkeypox: prevention and management
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Sahaya Nadar, Tabassum Khan, Abdelwahab Omri
The CDC Drug Services provides the following vaccine recommendations for individuals placed in the high risk category by virtue of occupational exposure to this virus. A live, non-replicating vaccine, JYNNEOS is approved by the US FDA for the prevention of smallpox and monkeypox in adults (18 years and older) who were assessed to have a high risk of infection. The JYNNEOS vaccine is different from ACAM2000 and APSV as it is an attenuated live virus. Being in a replication-deficient form, it can be used toward certain immune deficiencies like AIDS or atopic dermatitis [75,76].The ACAM2000 is a live vaccine for active immunization against smallpox disease licensed by the US FDA for people who are at high risk of contracting smallpox. It is free from the variola virus, so they cannot cause smallpox but has the vaccinia virus belonging to the poxvirus family. There may be incidences of head and body aches, rash and fever owing to the presence of the vaccinia virus. Some groups of people, specifically those who are immunocompromised, are susceptible to severe complications caused by vaccinia [77,78].Aventis Pasteur Smallpox Vaccine (APSV)
Monkeypox pandemic containment: does the ACAM2000 vaccine play a role in the current outbreaks?
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2023
Basant E. Katamesh, Maysa Madany, Fatma Labieb, Abdelaziz Abdelaal
ACAM2000 is a live-attenuated, replication-competent vaccinia virus vaccine that was first produced in France and U.S.A. The ACAM2000 vaccine was approved by the US FDA as a 2nd-generation vaccine to be used in times of emergency and outbreaks to combat smallpox as a post-exposure prophylactic agent. Despite the availability of other vaccines such as JYNNEOS and LC16, the ACAM200 vaccine was the first to be licensed for use against Mpox in 2015. It was the only available vaccine for Mpox in the U.S.A from 2015 to 2019 [10].