China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Nasopharyngeal and oral immune system
Published in Phillip D. Smith, Richard S. Blumberg, Thomas T. MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, 2020
Hiroshi Kiyono, Kohtaro Fujihashi
Bacterial DNA and pathogen-associated molecular patterns contain a high proportion of unmethylated CpG motifs. These motifs are recognized by the innate immune system through toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), which is expressed by B cells and pDCs. CpG DNA induces the maturation and stimulation of DCs, as well as Ag-specific Th1 and cytotoxic lymphocyte responses. In this regard, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides act as effective adjuvants for the induction of Ag-specific immunity, enhancing both Ab and cell-mediated immune responses to OVA in mice. An array of viral (influenza, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency type-1) and toxoid (tetanus and diphtheria) vaccines administered with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides significantly increase levels of Ag-specific Ab and CTL responses.
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Published in Gabriel Virella, Medical Immunology, 2019
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells may present autoantigen to T and B cells at increased rates in patients with SLE. Interferon-α and circulating immune complexes (acting through Fc receptors and toll-like receptor 9) stimulate dendritic cell function in SLE.
Biology
Published in William Bonnez, Guide to Genital HPV Diseases and Prevention, 2019
Robert C. Rose, Mark H. Stoler
Many aspects of the cellular immunology of HPV infections are poorly understood. The example of patients with extensive cutaneous verrucosis or with epidermodysplasia verruciformis suggests that several distinct genes probably contribute to the control of genital HPV infections. Among those, some HLA class I (A, B, and Cw), and class II (DB1 and DQB1) haplotypes, or combination thereof, increase (A*0301, B*4402, BB 4402-DRB1*1101-DQB1*0301) or decrease (B*1501, DRB1*1101 and DQB1*0301) the risk of development of cervical squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, there is laboratory evidence that HPV-16 E6 and E7 proteins interact with the toll-like receptor 9, a component of innate immunity.
The molecular basis of immuno-radiotherapy
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Ioannis M. Koukourakis, Dina Tiniakos, Vassilis Kouloulias, Anna Zygogianni
A large number of additional IC-pathways have been identified (Marin-Acevedo et al. 2021). Inhibitory pathways include: 1) LAG-3 (CD223) and TIGIT expressed by T-cells and NK-cells, 2) Adenosine A2aR/P1-R receptor on T-cells and the CD39 and CD73 expressed by lymphocytes and CCs promoting the production of immunosuppressive adenosine molecules, and 3) Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors KIR/CD158 expressed mainly by NK-cells. Co-stimulatory pathways include: 1) OX40/CD134 expressed by activated CD4 and CD8 T-cells, that also inhibits the suppressive activity of Tregs, 2) Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family-related protein GITR that enhances cytotoxic T-cell activity, 3) Inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) that has a similar function to CD28 enhancing T-cell cytotoxicity, 4) CD27/CD70 pathway that induces T-cell differentiation to effector and memory cells, and 5) CD40/CD154 pathway that induces secretion of cytokines by B-cells and activates cytotoxic T-cells. TIM-1 expressed by T-cells, and TIM-3 and 4 expressed by NK-cells and macrophages (and CCs) have a distinct still unclear or even dual role as stimulatory or inhibitory molecules of tumor immune surveillance (Das et al. 2017). Toll-like receptors TLR7/8 and TLR9 are also involved in the induction of anti-tumor T-cell activity (Paulos et al. 2007). Arginase and inducible iNOS, enzymes highly expressed by CCs that deplete the aminoacid arginine essential for T-cell activation and proliferation, are also targets for immunotherapy (Timosenko et al. 2017; So et al. 2019).
Lessons learned from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic; from nucleic acid nanomedicines, to clinical trials, herd immunity, and the vaccination divide
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Hiba Hussain, Aishwarya Ganesh, Lara Milane, Mansoor Amiji
Protein subunit vaccines (Figure 4) meet both needs and will be likely champions in closing this stark vaccine disparity gap. It utilizes antigen fragments, such as the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or RBD to generate an immune response. By only administering antigen fragments, less severe side effects to the vaccine are noted [38]. However, protein subunit vaccines are also characterized by a weakened cell-mediated immune response [39]. To combat this, an adjuvant is used to strengthen the immune response and optimize antibody production levels [39]. Adjuvants are common in vaccine design and the word is derived from the Latin root for ‘to help;’ ‘adjuvare’ [40]. Current adjuvants amplify the immune response by targeting toll-like receptors, cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, and C-type lectin receptors in myeloid cells [40,41]. The most common adjuvant, alum, is capable of increasing antibody and CD4+T cell responses [40]. The newest approval in adjuvants is interestingly, a class of CpG oligonucleotides that are ligands for toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) [40]. CpG1018, a 22-mer CpG oligonucleotide, is a component of the HBV vaccine, Heplisav-B and has reduced the dosing regimen to two doses compared to the three dose alternative vaccine [40].
Therapeutic modalities in small cell lung cancer: a paradigm shift after decades of quiescence
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Rola El Sayed, Haidar El Darsa
Toll-like receptor 9 is a pattern recognition receptor usually located intracellularly in immune cells, with TLR9 agonists in principle being responsible for the induction of inflammatory reactions resulting in enhanced uptake and killing of cancer cells and the generation of adaptive immunity [97]. Preclinical studies have suggested efficacy of TLR9 agonists in several advanced malignancies including SCLC [98]. In ES-SCLC, the TLR9 agonist lefitolimod was studied in a phase II IMPULSE study as maintenance treatment after objective response to first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. Results showed a tolerable safety profile, but no significant benefit of lefitolimod on survival. Nevertheless, two pre-defined patient subgroups with a low CD86 + B cells and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease favored lefitolimod with respect to OS, triggering the need for further exploration [99].