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An Introduction to the Immune System and Vaccines
Published in Patricia G. Melloy, Viruses and Society, 2023
There are several ways to become immune to a particular pathogen. In the process of passive immunization, antibodies themselves can be passed from mother to child in breast milk, for example, or through direct introduction of antibodies to an ill patient. Passive immunization usually offers temporary protection against a pathogen. In active immunization, getting the disease itself or a vaccination can create a long-lasting immunity (Marshall et al. 2018; Coico and Sunshine 2015). Vaccination can also reduce the number of susceptible individuals in the population, reducing the ability of the pathogen to spread (four factors governing spread of a pathogen from Chapter 1). Therefore, vaccination can protect others in the population who cannot be vaccinated (Piot et al. 2019).
Immunization
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Michael F. Para, Susan L. Koletar, Carter L. Diggs
Any disease to which a human or other animal may develop an immunity which protects against subsequent infection is a candidate for control by vaccination. Attainment of the immune state can be by active or passive means. Active immunization is based on the premise that administration of an appropriate immunogen will stimulate the afferent arm of the immune system to provide immune effector agents (cells or molecules capable of immune attack) which will protect the recipient against disease if exposure to the virulent agent occurs. Useful vaccines will do this without themselves causing significant disease. Passive immunization involves the administration of specific neutralizing or opsonizing antibodies or other immune effector molecules to protect against known or probable exposure. (Passive immunization with cells is not currently practical because of transplantation immunity against cells derived from a donor of a different histocompatibility haplotype [see chapter 11].) For the most part, this process depends on the availability of protective antibodies which must have initially been generated by an active immune response, but recent studies have demonstrated the protective effect of passively administered recombinant cytokines.
The Large Bowel and the Anal Canal
Published in E. George Elias, CRC Handbook of Surgical Oncology, 2020
Passive immunization is the transfer of specific immunological characteristics to the recipient. Passive transfer of general immunity to treat a disease does not exist. Immune-RNA, a form of total RNA, extracted from lymphoid tissue, has been shown to transfer both cellular and humoral immunity in man.92 Immune-RNA obtained from sensitized sheep with human tumors was used to immunized patients postoperatively by intradermal RNA injections. Unfortunately, this project was abandoned because of poor patient accrual.
Immunization, not vaccination: monoclonal antibodies for infant RSV prevention and the US vaccines for children program
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2023
There are other policy relevant similarities. Population-wide provision of passive immunization imposes the exact same requirements on health systems and governments as vaccinations, and the systems that satisfy these requirements for vaccination can straightforwardly do so for passive immunization. These requirements include the conduct of regulatory activities aimed at ensuring product safety and efficacy; the conduct of health technology assessments (HTA) by National Immunization Technical Advisory Groups (NITAGs) such as ACIP; the formulation of immunization schedules, guidelines, and recommendations; a transparent and well-justified decision-framework for payer reimbursement decisions; appropriate governance, organization, and management practices; ensuring an adequate health workforce and strong supply chains; a capacity to provide high quality health services with high geographical penetration within which routine immunizations can be provided; information systems to track immunization progress; securing sustainable financing; efforts to build community trust and confidence in immunization; and efforts to facilitate healthy investment in R&D into novel immunization products.
Immunization therapies for Parkinson’s disease: state of the art and considerations for future clinical trials
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2020
Angelo Antonini, Daniele Bravi, Michele Sandre, Luigi Bubacco
α-Syn is characterized by several peculiarities; it forms toxic oligomers and fibrils (which seems to include several structural strains [11]), but also undergoes a variety of post-translational modifications in vivo like acetylation, phosphorylation, nitration, and truncation [12]. The two main avenues to deliver α-Syn-based immunotherapies are active and passive immunization, both strategies are reported in the recent literature to effectively induce neuroprotection in diverse animal models [13]. In general, active immunotherapy aims to stimulate a specific immune response in the host following injecting human-derived α-Syn or α-Syn-mimicking peptides to promote protein clearance. Alternatively, in passive immunotherapy, the injection of α-Syn antibodies leads to the building up of antigen–antibody complexes that will be eliminated by lysosomes and microglia. Both have been studied in α-Syn transgenic mouse models and demonstrated that anti-α-syn antibodies with high relative affinity to the C-terminus protein region reduce intracellular accumulation of protein aggregates in both cell bodies and synapses, and exert a neuroprotective action against synaptic loss and inflammation [14]. The majority of ongoing and completed clinical studies have studied passive immunization (Tables 1 and 2).
The treatment of melioidosis: is there a role for repurposed drugs? A proposal and review
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Thomas R Laws, Adam W. Taylor, Paul Russell, Diane Williamson
Passive immunization introduces preformed antibody from a donor, which could be derived by purification from convalescent serum from a previously infected individual, or from an animal source that has been deliberately challenged with a pathogen or parts of a pathogen [19]. Recently, the use of monoclonal antibodies and de-speciated antibodies (to prevent hypersensitivity reactions) have provided improvements to this strategy, but again in the case of melioidosis, there has been little progress beyond proof-of-concept that such an immunotherapeutic approach can be efficacious using in vivo models [20–22]. In contrast, there has been commercial development of a pipeline of immuno-therapeutics for other infections [23]. Perhaps one reason why antibody-based therapies have not been considered more is that antibodies need to be able to bind to bacteria, while in the extracellular space, B. pseudomallei is not only capable of intracellular infection but is likely able to move between cells without entering the intracellular space (reviewed in [24]). This would likely impact on the ability for antibody-based therapies to fully clear infection without assistance from antibiotics that accumulate within cells and/or the cell mediated immune response.