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Probiotics Modulate Cell Signaling Pathway and Innate Cytokine Responses to Oral HRV Vaccine in HGM-Transplanted Gn Pigs
Published in Lijuan Yuan, Vaccine Efficacy Evaluation, 2022
Intestinal microbiota plays a critical role in the development of host immune responses (Toki et al., 2009). The composition of gut microbes differentially affects the host intestinal mucosal immunity (Che et al., 2009). High levels of variation are apparent in the microbiota of neonates over time and between individuals (Schwiertz et al., 2003). Studies using Gn animals have the advantages of highly controlled repeatable experiment design, which reduces inter-individual variation (Laycock et al., 2012). In addition, Gn pigs with a humanized microbiota better mimic the human infants than the germfree pigs without gut microbiota. As described in Chapters 11 and 12 (Wen et al., 2014a; Zhang et al., 2014), HGM from a single healthy newborn infant was successfully transplanted into newborn Gn pigs as shown by microbial 16S rRNA sequencing analysis (Chapter 11). In this study, we confirmed that the bacterial communities in Gn pigs had high similarity to the human donor in DGGE band patterns. Previous research indicated that human flora-associated pigs yielded TGGE (temperature gradient gel electrophoresis) patterns similar to each other as well as to the human donor, but remarkably different from conventionally raised pigs (Pang et al., 2007).
Methods in exercise immunology
Published in R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms, Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume I – Sport Testing, 2022
Nicolette C. Bishop, Neil P. Walsh
Immune markers in mucosal secretions, particularly saliva and tears, are of interest to exercise immunologists, particularly those working in the field environment. The process involved in collecting these fluids is non-invasive, convenient, practical, low cost and because as many as 95% of all infections are thought to be initiated at the mucosal surfaces (Bosch et al., 2002). This highlights the important role mucosal immunity plays in defence against opportunistic infections such as the common cold.
Adaptive humoral immunity and immunoprophylaxis
Published in Gabriel Virella, Medical Immunology, 2019
Physiological significance of mucosal immunity. The main immunological function of secretory IgA is believed to be to prevent microbial adherence to the mucosal epithelia, which usually precedes colonization and systemic invasion. However, in several experimental models, it has been demonstrated that disease can be prevented without interference with infection, so there are unresolved questions concerning the anti-infectious mechanism(s) of secretory antibodies.
Non-invasive mucosal vaccine delivery: advantages, challenges and the future
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
Mariusz Skwarczynski, Istvan Toth
In order to introduce noninvasive immunization routes for modern vaccines, special delivery systems need to be created that can trigger mucosal/systemic immune responses similar to those generated by live-attenuated pathogens (Figure 1). To match the current efficacy of nasal and oral live-attenuated vaccines, multiple-dose schemes seem unreplaceable. Still, for oral vaccination, multiple dosing is not a major obstacle, as it still improves patient compliance compared to even single-injection schemes. Noninvasive vaccine delivery systems need to incorporate an effective adjuvant, specially designed for triggering both mucosal and systemic immune responses. To further mimic live-attenuated vaccines and the associated ‘dangers signals’, the use of a mixture of several adjuvants should be considered. In order to produce effective delivery systems, more extensive understanding of mucosal immunity, especially in terms of the gastrointestinal immune system, is required [20].
Engineering drug delivery systems to overcome mucosal barriers for immunotherapy and vaccination
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2020
Jacob C. McCright, Katharina Maisel
In summary, the mucosal surfaces form a formidable barrier to pathogens that also need to be overcome for mucosal drug delivery for immunomodulation. A variety of technologies have been developed to cross the mucus mesh and mucosal epithelium for drug delivery, and some have targeted mucosal immunity by, e.g., binding to M cells and targeting lymph nodes via lymphatic vessels. Many of these are quite promising and have been translated into clinical trials or products (Table), but often we are still faced with sub-optimal treatments or vaccines for many mucosal diseases such as cholera, allergies, and inflammatory bowel disease. We expect many more years of research and development of novel technologies are required until we have exhaustively targeted mucosal immunity for local treatment and prevention of diseases.
There is limited existing evidence to support the common assumption that strenuous endurance exercise bouts impair immune competency
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2019
John P. Campbell, James E. Turner
Recent studies have expanded salivary measurements to include several other antimicrobial proteins or peptides (e.g. alpha-amylase, human neutrophil peptides 1–3, human defensins 5–6, lactoferrin, LL-37, and lysozyme) characterizing fluctuations in response to exercise [10]. However, many more proteins require exploration and validation as predictors of infection risk. For example, 151 differentially expressed proteins were identified when examining nasal mucosal washes from people infected with influenza compared to uninfected controls using a proteomic approach that quantified around 1000 proteins [11]. Many aspects of both cellular and humoral mucosal immunity have been examined as predictors of infections. Although salivary IgA has received most attention, it is likely that relationships between illness symptoms and most measurements of mucosal immunity are influenced by other factors [12]. Between-person differences in infection susceptibility – aside from the influence of pathogen exposure, environmental, and behavioral factors – are most likely explained by single nucleotide polymorphisms in key genes leading to individual idiosyncrasies in multiple aspects of immune function.