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Methods in Experimental Pathology of the Pleura
Published in Joan Gil, Models of Lung Disease, 2020
Milky spots (Kampmeier’s foci), which are another form of pleurolymphatic communications, are also quite rare in healthy young adult animals but can be readily located in others, presumably due to chronic pleural irritations. They are inconstant changes (Seifert, 1921) and have varied and overlapping appearances (Kanazawa et al., 1979), which suggests that the reactive lymphoreticular cells around capillaries and lymphatic channels are constantly being modified.
Role of the greater omentum in the pathogenesis of peritoneal carcinomatosis*
Published in Wim P. Ceelen, Edward A. Levine, Intraperitoneal Cancer Therapy, 2015
The greater omentum carries a dense lymphatic network, which drains into the subpyloric nodes, and pathologists commonly identify lymph nodes in omental tissue. Microscopically, milky spots are aggregates of leucocytes, mostly macrophages and lymphocytes and have therefore been implicated as the working units of the greater omentum, clearing various kinds of particles from the abdominal cavity, including bacteria and tumor cells [10]. Indeed, there is an increase in the number of leucocytes in the milky spots and an increase in their size in response to intra-abdominal infectious stimuli [11]. Conversely, in a rat model, Agalar et al. showed that omentectomy resulted in a significant reduction of macrophages and a significant increase of lymphocytes in the peritoneal fluid, thus affecting and probably diminishing abdominal immunity [12].
Intracavitary adoptive transfer of IL-12 mRNA-engineered tumor-specific CD8+ T cells eradicates peritoneal metastases in mouse models
Published in OncoImmunology, 2023
Claudia Augusta Di Trani, Assunta Cirella, Leire Arrizabalaga, Ángela Bella, Myriam Fernandez-Sendin, Joan Salvador Russo-Cabrera, Celia Gomar, Irene Olivera, Elizabeth Bolaños, José González-Gomariz, Maite Álvarez, Iñaki Etxeberria, Belen Palencia, Álvaro Teijeira, Ignacio Melero, Pedro Berraondo, Fernando Aranda
Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PCa) or peritoneal metastasis determines poor prognosis in cancer patients.1–3 PCa arises from the exfoliation of malignant cells from a primary tumor located within the peritoneum or from the dissemination of extraperitoneal primary tumors through the systemic route.4 These tumor cells are shed and float in the peritoneal fluid, eventually seeding onto the peritoneal surfaces. The omentum represents one of the most favorable peritoneal locations for tumors to nest and, consequently, for the PCa to progress.5–8 This is probably due to its fat reservoir, abundant vascularization, tissue regeneration features, and the presence of tolerogenic immune cells.8–10 Paradoxically, in normal conditions, the omentum is considered “the policeman of the abdomen” as it is responsible for peritoneal protection against multiple pathogens (viruses, bacteria, etc.). This function is mediated by immune aggregates that are historically called “milky spots”.11–13 Taken together, the omentum’s characteristics in PCa makes it an attractive target to modulate in cancer treatment.13–15
Albumin-based cancer therapeutics for intraperitoneal drug delivery: a review
Published in Drug Delivery, 2020
Leen Van de Sande, Sarah Cosyns, Wouter Willaert, Wim Ceelen
In normal conditions, the mesothelial cells are interconnected by tight junctions. On the apical surface of mesothelial cells, microvilli and cilia are present, which are covered in a glycocalyx consisting of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans. This glycocalyx secretes surface hyaluronan. As such, the mesothelial cells provide a non-adhesive surface and function as a barrier against physical damage (Flessner, 2005; Dakwar et al., 2017). On the subdiaphragmic peritoneal surface, lymphatic portals named stomata are abundantly present and interrupt the continuity of the mesothelial membrane. Stomata are located around the milky spots, maintaining a connection between the peritoneal cavity and the lymphatic system (van Baal et al., 2017). Mesothelial cells are anchored to the submesothelial basement membrane, the main components of which are collagen type IV and laminin. Mesothelial cells express β1 integrins to attach to the submesothelial basement membrane via laminin. The mesothelium is supported by submesothelial stroma through an extracellular matrix, consisting of collagen, fibronectin, glycosaminoglycans, and proteoglycans (van Baal et al., 2017).