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Main Classes of Drugs
Published in Jerome Z. Litt, Neil H. Shear, Litt's Drug Eruption & Reaction Manual, 2017
VaccineAnthrax VaccineBCG VaccineCholera VaccineDiphtheria AntitoxinHemophilus B VaccineHepatitis A VaccineHepatitis B VaccineHuman Papillomavirus (HPV) VaccineHuman Papillomavirus Vaccine (Bivalent)Inactivated Polio VaccineInfluenza VaccineJapanese Encephalitis VaccineMeasles, Mumps & Rubella (MMR) Virus VaccineMeningococcal Group B VaccineMeningococcal Groups C & Y & Haemophilus B Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate VaccinePandemic Influenza Vaccine (H1N1)Pneumococcal VaccineSipuleucel-TSmallpox VaccineTyphoid VaccineVaricella VaccineYellow Fever VaccineZoster Vaccine
Real-world vaccination status of children with hematologic tumors before and after chemotherapy
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2023
Chai Ji, Heping Shen, Mingyan Li, Yan Liu, Xuechao Zhang, Junxia Guo, Yuyang Xu
In this study, the total number of patients who received inactive Hepatitis A (HepA-I) or live-attenuated Hepatitis A (HepA-L) was counted into that of patients who received HepA. The total number of patients who received inactive Japanese encephalitis vaccine (JE-I) or live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine (JE-L) was counted into that of patients who received JE. The total number of patients who received inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) or oral live-attenuated polio vaccine (OPV) was counted into that of patients who received PV. The number of patients who received such non-NIP vaccines as HepA, HepB, DTaP-IPV-Hemophilus influenzae type B (DTaP-IPV-Hib), DTaP-Hib, and MPV-AC-Hib was counted into that of patients who received their analogs in the corresponding NIP vaccines, respectively.
Research progress on substitution of in vivo method(s) by in vitro method(s) for human vaccine potency assays
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2023
Xuanxuan Zhang, Xing Wu, Qian He, Junzhi Wang, Qunying Mao, Zhenglun Liang, Miao Xu
Since some vaccines are investigated to induce neutralizing antibodies that can inhibit viral entry and infection, the potency of vaccines can be assessed by determining the titer of neutralizing antibodies. The potency of inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine can be determined using the aforementioned methods (Table 2).
4CMenB vaccine and its role in preventing transmission and inducing herd immunity
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Mark McMillan, Helen S Marshall, Peter Richmond
Evidence for the effectiveness of 4CMenB vaccines at reducing meningococcal pharyngeal carriage is derived from three studies, as described in Table 1 [88,100,114]. In 2010, a phase 3 randomized control trial was conducted in the UK, with university students aged 18–24 years. The students were randomized into one of three groups; 1) 4CMenB (two doses 1 month apart), 2) Japanese encephalitis vaccine (two doses 1 month apart), 3) MenACWY-CRM (one dose, followed by a placebo 1 month later). Oropharyngeal swabs were taken from the participants on six occasions; baseline, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 months. The study’s primary outcome was to compare the carriage prevalence of capsular B strains (STs associated with invasive disease) in those who had 4CMenB, compared to the control group (Japanese encephalitis vaccine), 1 month following the second dose of 4CMenB [114]. There was little difference between the 4CMenB vaccinated group (87/916, [9%]), compared to the control group (75/928 [8%], odds ratio [OR] 1.2, 95% CI, 0.8 to 1.7), indicating no effect of 4CMenB on capsular B carriage. Secondary outcomes included comparing the carriage prevalence of all N. meningitidis carriage and combinations of subgroups across three aggregated swab visits, 4, 6 and 12 months. There remained little difference in capsular B carriage between 4CMenB vaccinated students (233/2489 [9%]), compared to control students (262/2576 [10%], OR 0.8 95% CI, 0.6 to 1.1), as well as all N. meningitidis carriage (797/2489 [32%]), compared to controls (885/2576 [34%], OR 0.8 95% CI, 0.7 to 1.0) [114]. A comparison of capsular CWY strains demonstrated an absolute reduction of 2% in the 4CMenB vaccinated students (216/2489 [9%]), compared to the control students (277/2576 [11%], OR 0.7 95% CI, 0.5 to 0.9), which was considered to mostly being driven by capsular group Y. There were no significant differences in carriage acquisition between the 4CMenB vaccinated and control groups for any, capsular B, or BCWY carriage in individuals who attended all six visits [114]. Importantly, when protection against acquisition should be greatest, there was no evidence of a reduction of disease-associated capsular B being carried in those vaccinated with 4CMenB 20/659 (3%), compared to controls 13/699 (2%) one-month post-dose 2 [114]. Whilst there is some evidence of a small reduction in carriage for capsular CWY in secondary aggregated results, there was no evidence that 4CMenB reduced carriage of meningococcal B strains associated with invasive disease in the UK.