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Ocular Tumors
Published in Ching-Yu Cheng, Tien Yin Wong, Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2022
Vishal Raval, Alexander Melendez, Hansell Soto, Alléxya Affonso, Rubens Belfort Neto, Arun D. Singh
It is well known that inflammation enables many essential hallmarks of cancer. While tumor-intrinsic inflammation promotes tumor growth, survival, and invasion, tumor-extrinsic inflammation can contribute to carcinogenesis.102 Interleukins (ILs) can influence tumor cell functions and affect tumor initiation and progression. Eghtedari et al.103 found expressed interleukin-6 (IL-6) in conjunctival samples with OSSN, suggesting chronic inflammation and therefore promotion of dysplastic cell growth. There have been few reports of OSSN associated with atopic keratoconjunctivitis and other chronic inflammatory conditions, including a case in an anophthalmic socket several years after enucleation,104–106 supporting the idea of chronic inflammation being a risk factor.
Drug Repurposing and Novel Antiviral Drugs for COVID-19 Management
Published in Debmalya Barh, Kenneth Lundstrom, COVID-19, 2022
Shailendra Dwivedi, Aakanksha Rawat, Amit Ranjan, Ruchika Agrawal, Radhieka Misra, Sunil Kumar Gupta, Surekha Kishore, Sanjeev Misra
COVID-19–associated systemic inflammation and hypoxic respiratory failure can be associated with heightened cytokine release, as indicated by elevated blood levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, and ferritin. It is hypothesized that modulating the levels of IL-6 or its effects may alter the course of disease. Several studies have indicated a “cytokine storm” with release of IL-6, IL-1, IL-12, and IL-18, along with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and other inflammatory mediators in COVID-19 patients as the main pathogenetic factor resulting in severe damage to lung tissues. The increased pulmonary inflammatory response may result in increased alveolar-capillary gas exchange, making oxygenation difficult in patients with severe illness. Interleukin inhibitors may ameliorate this damage caused by cytokine release. There are two classes of FDA-approved IL-6 inhibitors: anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibodies (e.g., sarilumab, tocilizumab) and anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies (siltuximab). Currently, the NIH panel guidelines have recommended against the use of anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibodies or anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of COVID-19, except in a clinical trial [17].
Immunomodulatory Therapies
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
The interleukins (ILs) are a group of naturally occurring proteins and signaling molecules secreted in the body that were first observed to be expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes). Several classes have now been identified and studied for their role in immunomodulatory and inflammatory processes. The function of the immune system is now known to depend in large part on the interleukins, and rare deficiencies of several of them have been described, all causing autoimmune diseases or immune deficiency.
Effects of a spice-blended honey muffin on salivary inflammation markers in adults with obesity: a feasibility trial
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Sofia Acevedo, Jeanette M. Andrade
Obesity is associated with high levels of inflammation which can be measured through interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Interleukins are a group of cytokines mainly expressed by leukocytes in the inflammation pathway [3]. IL-6 is a specific type of interleukin receptor and a relevant biomarker for metabolic, regenerative, and neural inflammation processes [4]. Commonly, IL-6 is measured through plasma or serum, however, IL-6 can also be measured through saliva. Measuring IL-6 through saliva is valid and may be a simpler and affordable way to detect inflammation [5]. CRP is an acute phase protein whose production is stimulated by IL-6 and secreted by the liver [6,7]. Elevated CRP has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular morbidity, and mortality risk in those with chronic kidney disease as well as those suffering from comorbidities related to inflammation [6,8]. CRP has strong proinflammatory activity and during inflammation it binds to damaged and necrotic cells, promoting phagocytosis and helping maintain inflammation [6–8]. Just like IL-6, CRP can be measured through saliva, which allows for inexpensive testing [5].
Examining the correlation between salivary cytokine concentrations and CRP in people experiencing social-cognitive stress
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
Eric Chun Pu Chu, Anastasiya Spaska, Dimitar Monov, Mikhail Kasatkin, Natalia Stroiteleva
Interleukins are a group of cytokines produced by leucocytes, macrophages, and other tissue cells. Interleukins are part of the immune system. Increase in cytokines in the human body indicates the development of an inflammatory process or a certain infection. Considering the fact that cytokines are not specific, their content alone cannot be used to make a diagnosis. Medical history, physical examinations, and other tests are also required [19]. Recently, it was found that pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β и TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-4) play an important role in modulating pain threshold, and they may contribute to the sensitization of trigeminal nerve fibers [20,21]. However, no studies have investigated a possible correlation between CGRP and cytokine levels during headache attacks.
Global transcriptional response of oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines to health-associated oral bacteria - an in vitro study
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022
Divyashri Baraniya, Kumaraswamy Naidu Chitrala, Nezar Noor Al-Hebshi
Interleukins (IL) play a significant role in cancer. The specific cytokines present in the tumor microenvironment (TMN) determine if a pro-tumor inflammatory or anti-tumor immune response dominates [37]. In this study, S. mitis activated signaling of IL-2, an interleukin known to enhance anti-tumor immunity [38]. S. mitis also down-regulated the inflammatory pathways JAK/Stat, HMGB1 and acute phase response, which are known to be involved in tumor progression [39–41]. Furthermore, it downregulated matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) 1, 7 and 13 (except in CAL27), which are known to contribute to tumor invation and metastasis [42]. Furthermore, S. mitis inhibited the oncogenic HOTAIR [43] and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways [44]. Overall, these effects are consistent with anti-cancer properties.