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Marine Polysaccharides from Algae
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Wen-Yu Lu, Hui-Jing Li, Yan-Chao Wu
Immunomodulation is a therapeutic method that regulate the balance of cytokines in the human body by limiting inflammation and controlling immune response or by stimulating the defective immune system. Macrophages are immune cells of the innate immune system. They play an important role in maintaining homeostasis by changing their functions according to tissues. In addition, macrophages are the main source of pro-inflammatory factors (Wijesekara et al., 2011). A variety of cytokines regulate the activation, development, proliferation, killing of natural killer cells (NK cells) and chemotaxis. Raulet’s study showed that interleukin-2 and IL-15 can stimulate the proliferation of NK cells and the secretion of a variety of cytokines (Raulet, 2006). In fact, activated NK cells can secrete soluble cytokines such as IFN and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to enhance the body’s immune response. Some polysaccharides and glycosides obtained from natural sources are considered as biological response regulators, which can enhance various immune responses. They can maintain homeostasis by regulating T/B lymphocytes, NK cells (Figure 4.3), macrophages (Figure 4.4) and complement system (Huang et al., 2019).
Application of Stem Cell and Exosome-Based Therapy in COVID-19
Published in Debmalya Barh, Kenneth Lundstrom, COVID-19, 2022
Suleyman Gokhan Kara, Ayla Eker Sariboyaci
The term immunomodulation is used to restore the immune response and maintain homeostasis. Immunomodulators are used as immunosuppression in autoimmune diseases and organ transplant rejection. Moreover, they can be used for immunostimulation in cancer and immunodeficiency. Immunosuppressants inhibit the immune response, whereas immunostimulants increase the immune response.
The Emerging Role of Exosome Nanoparticles in Regenerative Medicine
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Zahra Sadat Hashemi, Mahlegha Ghavami, Saeed Khalili, Seyed Morteza Naghib
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have already been extensively applied for cell therapy in the clinic (Ghorbanzade et al. 2020). They are safe and effective for migration to damaged tissue sites with inflammation. Their therapeutic effects are aligned with production of trophic factors and homing efficiency, which are correlated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), chemokines, and adhesion molecules such as related trafficking molecules. Due to their multi-potency and high potential for differentiation in tissue engineering application, they are contemplated as amenable candidates for MSC-mediated clinical trials (Li et al. 2019). Furthermore, MSCs are capable of releasing several anti-inflammatory factors including IL-10and TGF-β to suppress the immune responses of dendritic cells (DCs), B cells, T cells, macrophages, and natural killer (NK) cells. Therefore, they could play a significant role in the mechanisms of immunomodulation (Putra et al. 2018).
Approaches for development of LAG-3 inhibitors and the promise they hold as anticancer agents
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
Martin Perez-Santos, Maricruz Anaya-Ruiz, Luis Villafaña-Diaz, Gabriela Sánchez Esgua
Patent WO2018069500, from Symphogen, describes various anti-LAG-3 antibodies, including Sym022. Sym022 binds with high affinity to MHC II, decreases LAG-3 levels on the surface, and consequently inhibits tumor growth in vivo [63]. NCT03311412 is a phase 1, open label, and multicenter study aimed at evaluating safety, tolerability, DLT, MTD, dose-escalation, and immune modulation of Sym022 in 17 patients with advanced solid tumor malignancies or lymphomas with combined treatment with Sym022/anti-PD-1 antibody. Treatment-related adverse events included fatigue, and 11 of 13 evaluated patients had IL-2 release as immunomodulation; this clinical trial did not include the measurement of immune-related adverse events [64]. The combination of Sym021 with anti-PD-1 antibody was well tolerated in NCT03489369, a phase 1, open label, and multicenter study [65]. In two clinical trials, the combination Sym022/Sym021 (anti-PD-1 antibody) will be evaluated for safety and tolerability in patients with lymphomas (NCT03311412), and preliminary efficacy in patients with biliary tract carcinoma (NCT04641871).
Current and emerging immunomodulators for treatment of SARS-CoV2 infection (COVID-19)
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Based on these studies, IL-6 inhibitors (tocilizumab and sarilumab) are now used by many clinical in hospitalized COVID-19 patients who require supplemental oxygen, high-flow oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, or invasive mechanical ventilation in conjunction with dexamethasone. Although the optimal patient population has not yet been defined, there appears to be a role for IL-6 inhibition in patients with a rapidly-escalating oxygen requirement and elevated inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein >7.5) if given within the first three days of hospitalization. There may also be a role for anti-IL-6 mAb therapy (i.e. siltuximab) but more data is necessary and for now, the drug should only be used within the confines of a clinical trial [19–21]. This work has shown the clear benefits of immunomodulation, and expanded the search for other drugs with anti-inflammatory properties. There is also considerable interest in IL-1 inhibition with the rheumatologic drug anakinra. However, the optimal COVID-19 patient population has not yet been defined.
Primary immune thrombocytopenia in adults: Belgian recommendations for diagnosis and treatment anno 2021 made by the Belgian Hematology Society
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2022
A. Janssens, D. Selleslag, J. Depaus, Y. Beguin, C. Lambert
Medical therapies with less robust data for subsequent treatment are azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine A, danazol, dapsone, mycophenolate mofetil and vincristine/vinblastine. These agents have been used after treatment failure in both splenectomized and non-splenectomized patients for decades. These treatment options are characterized by variable individual responses after days, weeks to months and significant long-term side effects such as immune suppression and many others, which must be considered by patient and physician. Most of the retrospective data according these agents show only a response rate of 20 to 50% with lower response rates in more heavily treated patients and with longer disease duration [22,45]. Some characteristics of these agents are shown in Table 4. We presume that most of these agents work by immunosuppression or immunomodulation. Vincristine/vinblastine seem to inhibit the phagocytosis of antibody-loaded platelets by macrophages. For dapsone, it has been postulated that the splenic macrophages are redirected to phagocytosis of the hemolytic-red blood cells with reduction of the platelet phagocytosis.