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Myocarditis
Published in Andreas P. Kalogeropoulos, Hal A. Skopicki, Javed Butler, Heart Failure, 2023
George Lazaros, Emilia Lazarou, Dimitris Tousoulis
The Dallas histopathologic criteria were the first criteria used for the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of myocarditis and included a qualitative assessment of the intensity of inflammation and (non-ischemic) necrosis.47 In the absence of necrosis, myocarditis is considered borderline. The main drawback of the Dallas criteria was the low sensitivity and high inter-observer variability. The use of quantitative immunohistochemical criteria has overcome these limitations, with inflammation defined as ≥14 leucocytes/mm2.2,9 Immunochemistry can further distinguish between B cells (CD20+) and T cells (CD3+), as well as various T cell subpopulations.5 In cases of dilated cardiomyopathy, ongoing inflammation is observed in 30% of EMBs.48
The Inducible System: History of Development of Immunology as a Component of Host-Parasite Interactions
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
The development of immunochemistry contributed to the development of the understanding of immunology in other ways than through the elucidation of the nature of antibody. It also put immunology on a firm experimental basis through the development of methods for the precise quantitative analysis of antigens and antibodies. Experimentation at the Rockefeller institute in the 1930s led to the development of quantitative precipitation methods for measuring antigen and antibody, and to the discovery that carbohydrates, as well as proteins, are antigenic. At the same time, scientists at the Rockefeller Institute discovered how antigen and antibody react to form insoluble lattice-like complexes (Figure 5.12).
Recognition, treatment, and prevention of systemic allergic reactions and anaphylaxis *
Published in Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford, Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2020
Emma Westermann-Clark, Stephen F. Kemp, Richard D. deShazo
The potential for anaphylaxis may be determined by skin tests in some circumstances (e.g., allergy to β-lactam antibiotics). However, the immunochemistry of most drugs and biologic agents is not well defined, and reliable in vivo or in vitro tests for most agents are unavailable.
Managing hemolyzed samples in clinical laboratories
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2020
Ana-Maria Simundic, Geoffrey Baird, Janne Cadamuro, Seán J. Costelloe, Giuseppe Lippi
Hemolysis interference in immunochemistry assays depends largely on the specific immunochemical method that is utilized. Homogeneous methods such as enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT), turbidimetry or particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay (PETIA) all rely on measurements of light transmission, and would be expected to suffer from the presence of a significant concentration of cell-free hemoglobin that absorbs light at the wavelength used in the assay. Heterogenous methods such as chemiluminescent assays, however, where so-called “sandwiches” of antibodies and analytes are formed on the surface of solid supports, can be relatively free of the spectrophotometric interference of hemolysis, if they include a washing step that removes contaminating cell-free hemoglobin or other intracellular constituents prior to assay readout. Chemiluminescence as a detection strategy is in general resistant to spectrophotometric interference of hemolysis, because of low or absent intracellular concentrations of chemiluminescent constituents. Immunoassays suffer from hemolysis interference caused by chemical mechanism of interference. Namely, intracellular proteases in RBCs specifically degrade proteins (antigens or antibodies) involved in immunoassays. One important example of an analyte suffering from that type of interference mechanism is insulin [55]. No assay strategy can correct for this source of interference, as protein (antibodies and antigens) molecules in a hemolyzed sample are chemically modified (i.e. degraded) and undetectable with standard immunoassay reagents.
Influence of Biochemical Cues in Human Corneal Stromal Cell Phenotype
Published in Current Eye Research, 2019
Julia Fernández-Pérez, Mark Ahearne
Expression of these markers was further analyzed with immunochemistry. While expression of ALDH3A1 was down-regulated at the mRNA level, staining showed positive cells in some conditions. Cells with a dendritic morphology showed more intense staining, especially when treated with ITS, IGF-1, IBMX, RA and in the serum-free control. Very low staining was seen in cultures treated with PDGF-BB, FBS, TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 (Figure 4a). Immunostaining of keratocan showed faint cytosolic staining in all conditions. When cells were treated with IGF-1, IBMX, ITS and RA, bright perinuclear staining was observed (Figure 4b). However, keratocan is a keratin sulphated proteoglycan that is deposited as ECM, hence was probably washed away during cell feedings. Expression of α-SMA correlated with expression of its gene ACTA2. Bright α-SMA stress fibers can be observed in cells treated with TGF-β1 and TGF-β3. Very sparse α-SMA+ cells were seen in treatments with AA and ITS (Figure 4c).
Exercise improves recognition memory and synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex for rats modelling vascular dementia
Published in Neurological Research, 2018
Juntao Dong, Jingpu Zhao, Yangyang Lin, Huiying Liang, Xiaokuo He, Xiuyuan Zheng, Minghong Sui, Zhiqiang Zhuang, Tiebin Yan
MAP-2 is associated with the development of dendrites and synaptic plasticity, therefore, an increased level of MAP-2 suggests recovery from structural damage to the synapses [56]. And Tau too is known for binding and stabilizing microtubules which located preferentially in axons [57]. A previous study has shown that the level of MAP-2 in the hippocampus increases with voluntary or involuntary exercise and that Tau expression increases with exercise of any sort [4]. In this study, the expression of MAP-2 was detected in two different ways including western blotting and immunochemistry. The similar results were found that higher expressions in voluntary and involuntary exercise groups than in VD group, however, different results were found in forced exercise group when compared with VD group. The most probable cause is a minor difference in focused area for immunochemistry. In addition, the expression of Tau also increased in voluntary and involuntary exercise groups compared with VD group while no similar result was found after forced exercise.