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Innate lymphoid cells
Published in Phillip D. Smith, Richard S. Blumberg, Thomas T. MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, 2020
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) consist of a broad range of chronic, inflammatory diseases affecting different organ systems, including the joints (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis), skin (e.g., psoriasis, eczema), lungs (e.g., asthma), and gut (e.g., celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease). These incurable diseases are an important cause of morbidity, disability, and in some cases, premature death. Many patients with inflammatory conditions require drugs to suppress the immune system, including expensive biological therapies (such as anti-TNF-α or anti-IL-17A monoclonal antibodies). Exaggerated CD4+ T-cell responses are strongly implicated in these diseases, but increasingly ILCs are also being implicated as important effector cells.
Protein Function As Cell Surface And Nuclear Receptor In Human Diseases
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Sanjay Kumar Bharti, Medicinal Chemistry with Pharmaceutical Product Development, 2019
Urmila Jarouliya, Raj K. Keservani
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a pivotal role in various immune and inflammatory processes, including cellular activation, survival and proliferation, as well as cell death by necrosis and apoptosis. As a regulatory cytokine, TNF coordinates communication between immune cells, and controls many of their functions [78]. TNF is best known for its role in leading immune defenses to protect a localized area from invasion or injury, but it is also involved in controlling whether target cells live or die, increased understanding of the complex roles of TNF, its receptor activity and signaling pathways is therefore crucial for the identification of new molecular targets and the development of safer and more effective medications. TNF is produced primarily by cells of hematopoietic origin, including myeloid lineage such as monocytes and macrophages. Dysregulation of inflammatory pathways driven by cytokines such as TNF is believed to be a common underlying mechanism leading to immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, mainly autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, multiple sclerosis, lupus, type-I diabetes and Sjogren’s syndrome. TNF can bind to two structurally distinct membrane receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2 (TNF receptor family members can be categorized according to the presence or absence of a death domain, DD) on target cells to activate two separate intracellular signaling pathways to gene transcription.
Immunodiagnosis of Tuberculosis Infection
Published in Peter D O Davies, Stephen B Gordon, Geraint Davies, Clinical Tuberculosis, 2014
Ajit Lalvani, Manish Pareek, Katrina Pollock
Most studies have included patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) who are on treatment with (often immunosuppressive) disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and are candidates for anti-TNF-alpha biologic agents, which are a potent risk factor for reactivation of LTBI. These studies have predominantly been cross-sectional and focused on the concordance between TST and IGRAs and correlating IGRA responses with risk factors for LTBI (Lalvani and Millington 2008a).
Identification of Rab7 as an autophagy marker: potential therapeutic approaches and the effect of Qi Teng Xiao Zhuo granule in chronic glomerulonephritis
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Xiujuan Qin, Huiyu Chen, Xiaoli Zhu, Xianjin Xu, Jiarong Gao
Globally, approximately 10% of adults have chronic kidney disease (CKD) (Lopez-Novoa et al. 2010). Chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) is the most common cause of end-stage kidney disease and is the most common component of CKD. CGN is associated with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, the main clinical symptoms are edema, hematuria, albuminuria, and hypertension (Gao et al. 2023). However, the molecular mechanism of its pathogenesis is unclear (Blom et al. 2017). Current clinical CGN treatment generally relies on Western drugs, which show insufficient efficacy, are expensive, and can lead to numerous side effects (An et al. 2014; Wei et al. 2022). Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a history of thousands of years, and it is an alternative therapy for many diseases, including CKD (Dai et al. 2022). Multiple active phytochemical components may target multiple molecules/pathways simultaneously in TCM formulas, thus potentially having a better effect than individual compounds. This phenomenon gives TCM unique advantages in CGN prevention and treatment. In recent years, effective TCM compounds have been advanced for improving kidney function, reducing kidney injury, and preventing kidney fibrosis (Wei et al. 2020).
A meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials of treating eosinophilic esophagitis with budesonide
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Xiaopei Liu, Xue Xiao, Dan Liu, Cong’e Tan
Immune-mediated inflammatory disease is characterised by various inflammatory cells participating in the occurrence and development of allergic reactions. The pathologic changes in eosinophil (Eos) infiltration are an important indicator to judge the degree of inflammatory reaction, and diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases [26]. From the study results, peripheral blood eosinophil counts in the budesonide group were significantly lower than those in the placebo group. Eosinophil density is the most important local disease activity marker of EoE [15] and is often used as one of the main endpoints of EoE treatment. The significant reduction of eosinophils in patients with EoE is a marker of histological remission, suggesting that budesonide may be involved in the pathogenesis of EoE, which can effectively reduce the inflammatory mediators of the oesophageal mucosa and reduce the histological response of PATIENTS with EoE. However, eosinophils should be used cautiously to evaluate their efficacy in patients with EoE for the following reasons: first, eosinophils are susceptible to confounding factors, such as seasonal factors and specific diseases; Secondly, so far, few studies have systematically evaluated the therapeutic value of blood eosinophils monitoring EoE [27,28], and the results are controversial. Third, studies have shown that only post-treatment peripheral blood eosinophil/mm3 values ≤300 can reliably predict histological remission.
The Impact of Migration on the Gut Metagenome of South Asian Canadians
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Julia K. Copeland, Gary Chao, Shelley Vanderhout, Erica Acton, Pauline W. Wang, Eric I. Benchimol, Ahmed El-Sohemy, Ken Croitoru, Jennifer L. Gommerman, David S. Guttman
Diversity of the gut microbiome has been examined in a variety of divergent populations1, revealing associations with culture, geography, diet, lifestyle, and migration.2–8 Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, which are a significant factor reducing the quality of life and increasing mortality, are particularly prevalent in westernized regions such as North America.9–11 These diseases include Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, asthma, allergies, and inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Risk factors promoting immune-mediated inflammatory diseases include a diet rich in saturated fats, trans-fats, and refined sugars, particularly for obese and diabetic individuals.11 Along with North America, India has recently become another epicenter of type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence, with onset now occurring for people with a lower BMI and at a younger age.12,13 The incidence rate of inflammatory bowel disease in India is also rising, approaching the levels observed in European and North American countries, nations currently with the highest prevalence rates.14–16