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Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G)
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Alasdair M. Geddes, Ian M. Gould, Jason A. Roberts, Jason A. Trubiano, M. Lindsay Grayson
Others have observed the retention of penicillin lethality in the absence of the murein hydrolase enzyme previously thought to be responsible for death through lysis (Moreillon et al., 1990; Sugai et al., 1997). Furthermore, death occurs rapidly whereas lysis occurs after only a substantial lag period. The irg AB operon has been shown to regulate extracellular murein hydrolase activity and increase tolerance to penicillin in a complex balance between cell wall expansion, septum formation, and daughter cell separation. The function of the irg AB operon may be analogous to bacteriophage-encoded antiholin, inhibiting the synthesis of murein hydrolase transport channels in the membrane. These are the transport channels that are probably targeted by penicillin to exert a cidal effect. Maximal expression of the operon is during stationary phase, hence the growth-phase-dependent susceptibility to the cidal effects of penicillin (Bayles, 2000).
Access for enteral nutrition
Published in Prem Puri, Newborn Surgery, 2017
Michael W. L. Gauderer, Julia Zimmer
Gastrostomy is one of the oldest abdominal operations in continuous use1 and has played an important role in the management of various surgical conditions of the neonate. 1–6 The procedure was frequently employed for feeding as well as intestinal decompression. In the past decades, there has been remarkable improvement in surgical techniques for gastrostomy placement. Contemporary approaches include techniques with laparotomy (or “open”), such as the Stamm procedure, or minimally invasive techniques, including the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), the interventional-radiologic guided gastrostomy (IRG), the laparoscopically assisted gastrostomy (LAP), and the laparoscopically assisted percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (LA-PEG).7 Delivery of enteral nutrition may also be postpyloric (duodenal or jejunal) or gastrojejunal.8 The optimal method of enterostomy must be carefully chosen according to patients’ comorbidities and habitus, and caretakers’ experience. New techniques such as fluoroscopic guidance or electromagnets permit tube placement in the small bowel without radiographic confirmation.
NIH Funding Sources for Molecular Imaging in Oncology
Published in Martin G. Pomper, Juri G. Gelovani, Benjamin Tsui, Kathleen Gabrielson, Richard Wahl, S. Sam Gambhir, Jeff Bulte, Raymond Gibson, William C. Eckelman, Molecular Imaging in Oncology, 2008
Anne E. Menkens, Barbara Y. Croft, Daniel C. Sullivan
Applications submitted to the NIH undergo rigorous peer review of the proposed scientific research. On receipt of an application at NIH, the application is assigned to a funding institute, and to an Initial Review Group (IRG) (referred to as the study section) for scientific review. It is very important for investigators to monitor these assignments. The scientific expertise of the members of the study section should closely match the research being proposed in the application. The rosters of many study sections are available on the NIH website. If an investigator of an application has questions about the study section assignment, the investigator should contact the NIH Program Director or Scientific Review Officer to discuss the situation.
Identification of the Integrated Prognostic Signature Associated with Immuno-relevant Genes and Long Non-coding RNAs in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2022
Chunxia Zhao, Yulu Wang, Amit Sharma, Zifeng Wang, Chafeng Zheng, Ying Wei, Yun Wu, Pingping Liu, Jiachen Liu, Xulong Zhan, Ingo Schmidt-Wolf, Famei Tu
Thirty-eight survival-related IRGs and 76 survival-related IRlncRNAs were combined to get survival related genes. Next, these genes were applied in LASSO-Cox regression analysis to identify the best immune-related prognostic signature in the training cohort (Supplementary Figure 3A, 3B). The signature of five IRGs (DAXX, PSMB8, CSRP1, RAC2, and PTPN6) and one IRlncRNA (AC080037.2) was obtained as indicated in Table 1. Considering the five IRGs are protein coding gene, we also called them as immune related protein coding genes (IRPCGs). Then, the risk score (high/low) of each patient was calculated using a custom formula (details in the “Method” section). Interestingly, there were significant differences between the high-risk group and the low-risk group in the expression of all 6 genes from the signature, in all three (training, testing, total) cohorts (Supplementary Figure 3C). Notably, AC080037.2 showed low expression in the high-risk group contrary to other genes with high expression.
In the mix: the potential benefits of adding GM-CSF to CpG-B in the local treatment of patients with early-stage melanoma
Published in OncoImmunology, 2020
Bas D. Koster, Tamarah D. de Jong, Mari F. C. M. van den Hout, Berbel J. R. Sluijter, Ronald J. C. L. M. Vuylsteke, Barbara G. Molenkamp, Saskia Vosslamber, M. Petrousjka van den Tol, Alfons J. M. van den Eertwegh, Tanja D. de Gruijl
PBMC were isolated and total RNA isolated and reverse transcribed as previously described.10 Forty-seven type I IRGs were selected based on significant upregulation in more than 3 experiments published on the Interferome database31 (http://www.interferome.org/). Custom-designed TaqMan®assays for each gene were supplied by Applied Biosystems. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis was performed at ServiceXS (ServiceXS B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands) using the 96.96 BioMark™ Dynamic Array for Real-Time PCR (Fluidigm Corporation, San Francisco, CA, USA), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Thermal cycling and real-time imaging of the BioMark array was done on the BioMark instrument, and cycle threshold (CT) values were extracted using the BioMark Real-Time PCR analysis software. Relative quantities were calculated using the standard curve method, using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as a housekeeping gene. Expression levels were 2log-transformed. Cluster analysis was used for categorization of IRGs with respect to their relative expression between treatment arms.32 TreeView was used to visualize the clustering of genes (Eisen Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA). Comparison of IRG expression between time points was assessed using paired t tests. The Benjamini-Hochberg procedure was applied to correct for multiple testing. Corrected P values of <0.05 were considered significant.
Development and validation of an immune-related gene pairs signature in colorectal cancer
Published in OncoImmunology, 2019
Jianping Wu, Ying Zhao, Juanwen Zhang, Qianxia Wu, Weilin Wang
The identification of prognostic IRGPs was performed as described previously.21 CIT cohort was used as the discovery data set and trained the model. We downloaded 1,811 unique immune-related genes (IRGs) from the ImmPort database (https://immport.niaid.nih.gov)42 accessed on 1/30/2018. In total, IRGs constitutes 17 categories including natural killer cell cytotoxicity, presentation pathways, cytokines, cytokine receptors,and antigen processing. IRGs measured by all platforms with relatively high variation (determined by MAD > 0.5, at this cutoff roughly 30% top variation genes were kept) in the discovery set were selected. Each IRGP was computed by pairwise comparison the gene expression level in a specific sample or profile. More specifically, in a pairwise comparison, the output is 1 if the first element is larger than the later one and 0 for the different order. After removing IRGPs with a relatively small variation (MAD = 0, which means almost no changes across patients), the remaining IRGPs were left and selected as initial candidate IRGPs for prognosis prediction.