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Insulin and Brain Reward Systems
Published in André Kleinridders, Physiological Consequences of Brain Insulin Action, 2023
Brian C. Liu, Qingchen Zhang, Emmanuel N. Pothos
The knockout of IRs using the Cre/loxP recombination system in various tissues in mouse models has been an important tool for understanding the role of insulin. This is done by using a targeting vector with the mouse IR gene with a selection cassette surrounded by loxP sites upstream of exon 4 and another loxP site downstream of exon 4. Embryonic stem cells are then transfected with this targeting vector and then with a plasmid containing Cre cDNA, which results in the removal of the selection cassette. Mouse blastocytes are subsequently injected with these clones, and these mice are bred with C57BL/6J mice. When the offspring of this breeding is injected with the Cre recombinase, exon 4 of the IRlox allele is deleted, resulting in an IR-specific knockout (26).
Identification of Genes Underlying Polygenic Obesity in Animal Models
Published in Claude Bouchard, The Genetics of Obesity, 2020
Craig H. Warden, Janis S. Fisler
The NZC strain, developed from the same progenitor mice as the NZO strain, has normal weight and has been used as a control for the NZO strain. The NZC mouse, however, develops congenital cystic kidneys and ovarian tumors45 and, thus, may not be a suitable control strain. C57BL/6J mice also have been used as a control strain in metabolic studies with the NZO mouse. With the advent of microsatellite genotyping, either of these control strains should have sufficient genetic diversity from NZO mice and provide appropriate crosses for genetic studies. The advantage of the NZC strain as a control is that it should differ from the NZO strain by relatively few genes.
Brucella: A Foodborne Pathogen
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
At present, inbred mice are the most common laboratory animal model used to study chronic infection or disease pathogenesis.93 This is partly because Brucella colonize and induce pathologic lesions in liver and spleen tissues of mice, which to some extent mimics human infection. Inbred mouse strains differ in susceptibility to infection, with BALB/c and CBA/H being considered relatively more susceptible to infection and C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 more resistant.94 Intraperitoneal is the most common route of infection for mouse models, but aerosol, oral, and intranasal routes have also been used. It should be noted that murine models generally do not accurately replicate disease pathogenesis in natural hosts where Brucella spp. more frequently localize in lymphatic tissues, mammary gland, and reproductive organs, and where reproductive issues are common (i.e., abortion in females and orchitis/epididymitis in males). With the exception of abortion, natural hosts generally do not demonstrate clinical disease. In comparison, humans appear to be aberrant hosts for Brucella and often have significant symptoms of clinical disease that are frequently chronic.
17β-Estradiol nongenomically induces vasodilation is enhanced by promoting phosphorylation of endophilin A2
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Xiao-Yun Liu, Ping Li, Xiao-Sa Li, Tommaso Simoncini, Yang Cheng
C57BL/6 mice (female, 8 weeks old) were purchased from Guangdong animal experiment center (Guangdong, China) and raised in the Experimental Animal Center of Guangzhou Medical University under specific pathogen-free and temperature-controlled conditions on a 12 h light/dark cycle. All the animal studies were reviewed and approved by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Guangzhou Medical University. At 8 weeks old, the mice were randomly divided into AAV-control-shRNA + Ach, AAV-Endo II-shRNA + Ach, AAV-control-shRNA + E2 and AAV-Endo II-shRNA + E2 group. The mice were accepted one tail vein injection of AAV-control-shRNA or AAV-Endo II-shRNA 7 × 1011 vector genomes (v.g) per mouse, respectively. For the acetylcholine (Ach) or E2 group, the mice were treated with Ach or E2 when measured the wall tension, respectively. After 4 weeks, the aortae were dissected out and the silencing of Endo II protein was evaluated through immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting. For the aortic vascular tension assay, the aortic were cut into 2 mm rings and preconstructed with phenylephrine (Phe) before testing with Ach or E2. The tension measurement was carried out as we previously reported [3].
Prenatal stress promotes insulin resistance without inflammation or obesity in C57BL/6J male mice
Published in Stress, 2021
Sofia Quiroga, Yamila Raquel Juárez, María Paula Marcone, María Agustina Vidal, Ana María Genaro, Adriana Laura Burgueño
In summary, in the present work, we used C57BL/6J mice, a strain widely used for metabolic research. We found no changes in body weight, visceral adipose tissue, or relative liver weight. However, we observed the presence of IR, shown by alterations in the glucose tolerance test and the insulin sensitivity curve. IR was related to an increase in mRNA expression of Leptin and Resistin with a decrease in Adiponectin, IL-1β, and Tnf-α, in the adipose tissue. In contrast, in the liver, we observed a reduction in mRNA levels of Pgc1α, Pparα, Sirtuin-1 and −3, and Socs3. In this paper, we describe, for the first time, an animal model of IR induced by PS without the presence of inflammation or obesity. These results suggest this may be an initial stage of the disease due to normal insulin values found. The alterations observed in the mRNA expression of both the adipose tissue and the liver support the physiological observation of the presence of IR.
Radiation alters osteoclastogenesis by regulating the cytoskeleton and lytic enzymes in RAW 264.7 cells and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Ling Tong, Yuyang Wang, Jianping Wang, Feilong He, Jianglong Zhai, Jiangtao Bai, Guoying Zhu
C57BL/6 mice (age, 3 weeks) were purchased from the Department of Experimental Animals at Fudan University (Shanghai, China) and allowed 2 additional weeks to acclimate to their surroundings. The present study was approved by the Committee for Ethical Use of Experimental Animals of Fudan University (Shanghai, China). Mice were euthanatized and bone marrow cells were isolated from the femurs and tibias by flushing the bones with sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Bone marrow cells were added to an equal volume of lymphocyte separation medium (Shanghai Huajing Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) and centrifuged at 1200×g for 30 min. The cells in the buffy coat were maintained in α-MEM (Gibco, Grand Island, NY) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco, Grand Island, NY), 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin. After 48 h of culture, non-adherent cells, defined as bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs), were harvested from the medium, and were subsequently seeded for further induction experiment.