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Medical Image Fusion Using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System
Published in Rohit Raja, Sandeep Kumar, Shilpa Rani, K. Ramya Laxmi, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in 2D/3D Medical Image Processing, 2020
Kamal Mehta, Prakash C. Sharma, Upasana Sinha
there factor b is commonly positive. The boundary c pinpoints focal point of bend. Enter boundary vector params, the second contention for gbellmf, and vector (purpose of compass) having sections are a, b, c individually [33].
Factors Controlling the Microflora of the Healthy Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
Published in Michael J. Hill, Philip D. Marsh, Human Microbial Ecology, 2020
The major organisms in the upper small intestinal lumen are mainly Gram positive (Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus spp.), although Bacteroides spp. and E. coli are also often isolated but in smaller numbers. Table 12 lists the major organisms reported, according to Borriello,35 together with the carriage rate and counts reported by Drasar et al.7 for the upper small intestine of persons with an achlorhydric stomach. The major effects of colonization by pathogens are, of course, those of enteric disease and food poisoning. When the colonization is by nonpathogens the effects are the result of the metabolic activity of the microflora and include fat malabsorption (steatorrhea), vitamin B12 deficiency, etc. Steatorrhea is thought to be due to the deconjugation of bile salts in the gut lumen, thereby interfering with fat absorption.60 B12 deficiency is thought to be caused by the bacterial breakdown of intrinsic factor and destruction of the intrinsic factor-B12 complex61 while folate deficiency is simply due to the scavenging of dietary folate by the microflora before it can be absorbed from the small bowel.
Pregnancy in SLE
Published in E. Nigel Harris, Thomas Exner, Graham R. V. Hughes, Ronald A. Asherson, Phospholipid-Binding Antibodies, 2020
Serum complement is an unreliable indicator of activity of lupus nephritis in the pregnant patient. Serum complement, measured as CH50, C3 and C4, rises in normal late pregnancy, but in SLE low complement levels are frequent even if the pregnancy is otherwise uncomplicated.32,41-44 The low complement levels in the pregnant SLE patient reflect either poor synthesis of complement components or complement activation. Low complement due to classical pathway complement activation can be identified by abnormal levels of the complex formed by Cls and its inhibitor. The complement activation products C3a, C4a and C5a are elevated during active SLE but are also elevated during normal pregnancy. Alternate pathway complement activation may be measured by estimating alternate pathway CH50, whole factor B or the Ba and Bb fragments. Recent data suggest that activation of the alternative complement pathway, as opposed to the classical pathway, more reliably identifies lupus flare in the pregnant patient.45 Complement activation also occurs during pregnancy-induced hypertension and other pregnancy complications. Normal or supernormal levels of classical CH50. C3 and C4 are reassuring during lupus pregnancy; abnormal levels suggest the need for further evaluation, but do not invariably imply active lupus nephritis.
High level of complement factor Ba within first prenatal test of gestation increases the risk of subsequent gestational diabetes: a propensity score-matched study
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Ying Shen, Junxian Li, Hairong Tian, Ye Ji, Ziyun Li, Junxi Lu, Huijuan Lu, Bo Liu, Fang Liu
In recent years, the innate immune system was shown to be closed related to the metabolic pathway [7]. The complement system is an important part of innate immune system. It can protect host against pathogens and connect innate and adaptive immune response [8]. Abnormal regulation of complement system or deficiency of complement can increase the susceptibility of chronic inflammatory diseases and infections [9]. The complement cascades are activated in three different ways: the classical pathway, the alternative pathway and the mannose binding lectin way. Among them, the alternative pathway has attracted much more attention because of its potential role in metabolic diseases such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as dyslipidemia, and CFB is critical for its activation [10–12]. CFB is a single chain glycoprotein, which consists of five protein domains. After the alternative pathway of complement system was activated, factor B was cleaved into two fragments, Ba and Bb. The molecular weight of Ba fragment is about 30,000 dalton, which is composed of 234 amino acids and comes from the N-terminal part of the precursor molecule of factor B [13,14].
Maternal near miss: reaching the last mile
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Also sensitivity and specificity of different combinations of the above mentioned Five factor system was done as follows. (Geller et al. 2004)Four-factor system: ICU admission, transfusion >3 units, extended intubation, surgical intervention. (Sensitivity-100%, Specificity-78.1%)Three-factor system: organ system failure, ICU, transfusion >3 units. (Sensitivity-100%, Specificity-86.6%)Two-factor A system: ICU, transfusion >3 units. (Sensitivity-100%, Specificity-78.1%)Two-factor B system: organ system failure, ICU. (Sensitivity-100%, Specificity-80.5%)One-factor A system: organ system failure. (Sensitivity-95.5%, Specificity-87.8%)One-factor B system: ICU admission. (Sensitivity-86.4%, Specificity-87.8%)
Altered levels of complement components associated with non-immediate drug hypersensitivity reactions
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2020
Feng Wang, Liping Huang, Junfeng Yu, Dandan Zang, Liangping Ye, Qixing Zhu
It is worth noting that the expression of complement factors in peripheral blood differed from that in local skin lesions. Factor H and Factor B are two vital regulators having opposite functions in the complement alternative pathway. Factor H is a soluble inhibitor of this pathway and acts by restricting the combination of factor B with C3b and so inhibits the activity of the C3 convertase (Holinstat 2017). In the absence of Factor H, Factor B can bind C3b and promote the production of cleavage substance Bb (Ghosh et al. 2015). Stapelberg et al. (2009) found that exposure to low levels of UVA could mediate immunosuppression in mice by activating the complement alternative pathway via up-regulated expression of factor B genes; this indicated that changes in activities of the complement alternative pathway were likely to be a “sensor” of UVA-induced skin damage. The current study found that decreases in levels of factor H mRNA – concomitant with unchanged levels of factor B mRNA – were present in the peripheral blood of SJS/TEN patients compared with in the control subjects. Thus, changes in systemic levels of Factor B and Factor H proteins might also be a useful marker for SJS and TEN. However, we note that there were little-to-no changes in expression of Factor B and Factor H in skin lesions of the SJS and TEN patients here. Thus, it would seem that the complement alternative pathway is only activated systemically during these pathologies. Clearly, further studies are warranted to explain why these differential expression patterns exist among these patients.