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The Inducible System: Antigens
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
A given antibody will, of course, bind to an antigen that was used to induce the immune response. Antibodies, however, will also bind to other antigens that are structurally similar to the antibody-generating antigen. Such cross-reactivity may have a number of different causes.
Towards the Importance of Fenugreek Proteins
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Allergenicity risks of legumes might include mild skin reaction, oral allergy or extreme anaphylactic reactions. Allergenic legumes are reported in the order of peanut > soybean > lentil > chickpea > pea > mung bean. Allergenic proteins of peanut, as the most serious potential allergen among legumes, are reported as peanut profilin (Ara h 5), pathogenesis-related (PR-10), pollen protein (Ara h 8), prolamins (Ara h 2, Ara h 6, Ara h 7, and Ara h 9), cupins (Ara h 1, Ara h 3, and Ara h 4) and oleosins (Ara h 10 and Ara h 11) (Fæste et al., 2010). Allergenic legumes proteins usually show high resistance to prolonged heat treatments or extensive proteolysis (Carbonaro et al., 2014). Research studies indicate that sensitization might happen in peanut allergic patients by consumption of fenugreek-containing foods, probably owing to extensive cross-reactivity between these two legumes. Cross‐reactivity occurs when one antibody binds to different allergens due to highly similar epitopes, homologous proteins containing conserved sequence motifs (Vinge et al., 2012). Such cross-reactivity between other members of the Leguminosae family such as peanut, soy, and lupin has previously been documented (Lallès & Peltre, 1996; Jensen et al., 2008; Fæste et al., 2010).
Tromantadine
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Of 15 patients sensitized by tromantadine, 13 (87%) cross-reacted to amantadine (10,19). Cross-reactivity has also been observed by other authors (9,18,21). Oral administration of amantadine in these patients may or might result in systemic contact dermatitis (18).
Tetracaine from urethral ointment causes false positive amphetamine results by immunoassay
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Robin Wijngaard, Marina Parra-Robert, Lourdes Marés, Anna Escalante, Emilio Salgado, Bernardino González-de-la-Presa, Jordi To-Figueras, Mercè Brunet
It is known that amphetamine IAs are prone to cross-react with a large number of compounds and therefore commonly associated with FP results [1,4,6,7]. Cross-reactivity typically occurs with structurally similar substances compared to the target compound [1,23]. Amphetamine-like drugs present simple chemical structures, which makes it difficult to develop specific antibodies [2,6,23]. With regards to the mechanism of interference, tetracaine has no obvious two-dimensional structural similarity to the molecules of amphetamine or MDMA, differently to other interfering compounds such as pseudephedrine [15] or bupropion [16], which share the typical phenethylamine structure of the amphetamine-like compounds (Figure 3). However, these extrapolations of potentially interfering compounds due to structural similarity present some limitations in the prediction of true antibody - antigen interactions, as they are more complex and involve a three-dimensional confirmation of the compounds [23]
Beyond EZH2: is the polycomb protein CBX2 an emerging target for anti-cancer therapy?
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2019
Maïka Jangal, Benjamin Lebeau, Michael Witcher
The second pillar of drug discovery is ‘Target engagement and selectivity’. Biochemical assays are informative first step, essential for library screening, but cannot allow us to deduce the activity and specificity of the drug in cellulo or in vivo. Indeed, there is often a disconnect between biochemical selectivity and off-targets in an organism. Sometimes such cross reactivity may lead to elevated anti-cancer effects, but this may be a trade-off with increased toxicity. An example of this is seen in bromodomain inhibitors, where multiple ‘bromo and extra-terminal domain’ family members are targeted by this class of drugs, but toxicity may be a limiting factor [92]. Current CBX inhibitors are not specific to a single CBX family member. UNC3866 targets primarily CBX7, but it is unclear that the decreased growth rate UNC3866 exerts on prostate cancer cells is due to CBX7 inhibition. This CBX7 inhibitor also shows residual activity for CBX2, and other family members [108]. This exemplifies a challenge remaining in the field to determine whether targeting one CBX family member is the ideal approach and whether the phenotypes resulting from the current small molecule inhibitors really stem from the expected targets. Such data would greatly help the future development of CBX inhibitors.
Cross-reactivity between halogenated platinum salts in an immediate-type respiratory hypersensitivity model
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2018
David M. Lehmann, Wanda C. Williams
Cross-reactivity between antigens occurs when an antibody directed against one antigen binds to a different antigen (Chadwick, 2007). A few human studies of cross-reactivity among platinum group metals (PGMs) and between platinum compounds has been reported (Cristaudo et al., 2005; Hartmann & Lipp, 2003; Markman et al., 2003; Murdoch & Pepys, 1985, 1986, 1987; Santucci et al., 2000). Cross-reactivity among platinum-containing anticancer drugs has also been reported and represents a serious concern for medical practitioners because patients are at risk of potentially hypersensitivity reactions to related therapeutic agents (Hartmann & Lipp, 2003). In the only published study investigating cross-reactivity between chloroplatinates, Murdoch & Pepys (1985) investigated cross-reactivity of IgE antibodies produced in response to sensitization to platinum-ovalbumin conjugate with various platinum compounds and found that female Hooded Lister rats developed antibodies to intraperitoneally injected platinum–OVA conjugate and that this response sensitized the rats to platinum–BSA as well as free ammonium tetrachloroplatinate (ATCP) and ammonium hexachloroplatinate (AHCP). Whether, or not cross-sensitivity produced changes in lung physiology was not investigated in this study or any other. The potential for cross-reactivity among platinum compounds has important implications for human health risk assessment and warrants further investigation.