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SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Published in Patricia G. Melloy, Viruses and Society, 2023
Other prominent vaccines include the Sputnik V (Gam-Covid-Vac) vaccine used in Russia and other countries, Sinopharm (BBIBP-CorV) used in China and other countries, Sinovac (CoronaVac) also used in China and other countries, and Covaxin used in India and other countries (Krammer 2020; Corum and Zimmer 2021b). Novavax (NVX-CoV2373), a recombinant protein-based vaccine also known as Covovax, which was developed in the United States, received an emergency authorization from the WHO and a conditional approval for use in Europe at the end of December 2021 (Corum and Zimmer 2021b; Krammer 2020; Heath et al. 2021; Dunkle et al. 2021; Novavax 2021).
Clinical Trials of COVID-19 Therapeutics and Vaccines
Published in Debmalya Barh, Kenneth Lundstrom, COVID-19, 2022
Candan Hizel Perry, Havva Ö. Kılgöz, Şükrü Tüzmen
Sinovac has developed CoronaVac, an IV vaccine with Aluminum hydroxide (Alum) adjuvant, which has been investigated in Phase III trials. This vaccine, applied as a two-dose IM regimen, has demonstrated good safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2 in healthy subjects aged 18–59 years. Only mild or moderate side effects, including 9% of participants complaining about temporary injection site pain, have been reported [38]. Furthermore, another IV SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate BBIBP-CorV developed by Sinopharm, was evaluated in Phase I/II in healthy individuals aged 18–80 years. Interim clinical trial results of this vaccine have shown its safety and tolerability in all subjects as a two-dose regimen. The most frequent side effect reported was fever. All participants receiving the vaccine, generated humoral responses on day 42 and seroconversion was observed after the administration of two doses of 4 μg. Currently, there are several conducted or ongoing Phase III studies in different countries, including Argentina, Peru, United Arab Emirates, Jordan, and Egypt [24]. Last but not least, the whole-virion inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBV152, developed by Bharat Biotech in India, is in Phase III clinical evaluation. The vaccine was formulated with TLR 7/8 agonist adsorbed to Alum, which resulted in high tolerability and improved virus-specific immune response.
Covid-19 vaccination reported side effects and hesitancy among the Syrian population: a cross-sectional study
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Michel Najjar, Sara Albuaini, Mohammad Fadel, Fatema Mohsen
Syrian vaccination rates are extremely low by global standards [6], but the explosion of Covid-19 infections has not been a problem which may be because the true scope of the Covid-19 outbreak in Syria is unknown due to limited testing capacity, underreporting, and lack of access to healthcare. However, a previous study showed that the increases in Covid-19 are unrelated to levels of vaccination across 68 countries and 2947 counties in the United States [56]. the highest infection rate after the first dose of Covid-19 vaccines was observed among the Sinovac (Coronavac) vaccine, which indicated that this vaccine provided poor immune protection against Covid-19. A previous study in Malaysia found that Coronavac effectiveness against Covid-19 infection waned after 3–5 months of full vaccination [57]. Sinopharm (BIBP) Vaccines had the highest infection rate after the second dose compared to all the other vaccine brands. A study from the Kingdom of Bahrain showed that compared to individuals vaccinated with AstraZeneca, Pfizer-BioNTech, or Sputnik V, those vaccinated with the Sinopharm vaccine had a higher risk of post-vaccination infection [58].
Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis Secondary to the Inactive COVID-19 Vaccine-CoronaVac
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
The term antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is determining the situation of the heterotypic (non-neutralizing) antibodies or of suboptimal concentrations that were getting worse the disease severity or abnormal immune response after vaccination.24 ADE is a challenging problem in preclinic studies of vaccines. Nevertheless, ADE was not observed in preclinical studies of the CoronaVac, in rhesus macaques.25 So, CoronaVac has nearly 100% efficacy against severe Covid-19 with suggesting a low risk of ADE. Presence of ocular inflammation can also be a part of this altered systemic immune response. Although the immunopathologic side effects are seen at a lower rate in CoronaVac according to the mRNA-based BioNTech-Pfizer vaccines, the severity of the PUK was very excessive and caused serious vision loss in the presented case.
Current status of COVID-19 vaccination: safety and liability concern for children, pregnant and lactating women
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Swagat Kumar Das, Manish Paul, Bikash Chandra Behera, Hrudayanath Thatoi
Furthermore, the immunological response of these participants was said to be similar to that of young adults. The safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of Sinovac-CoronaVac was evaluated in 550 children and adolescents aged between 3–17 years by a double-blind, randomized, controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial. The study demonstrated that the CoronaVac was safe and induced humoral responses in children and adolescents aged between 3–17 years against COVID-19. The study results further supported the use of the vaccine at 3 · 0 μg dose with a two-immunization schedule [82]. The safety and tolerability of the BBIBP-CorV vaccine were studied in young children aged between3–5 years, 6–12 years, or 13–17 years. The vaccine might elicit powerful humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 infection after two doses, according to the study, and side effects were mostly mild to moderate. The study ascertains the vaccine’s safety, protection, and efficacy against COVID-19 amongst children [83]. The WHO emergency use listing procedure (EUL) for children has not yet been received by Chinese authorities, even though these two vaccinations have been approved for the age range of 3 to 17 years.