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Clinical Trials of COVID-19 Therapeutics and Vaccines
Published in Debmalya Barh, Kenneth Lundstrom, COVID-19, 2022
Candan Hizel Perry, Havva Ö. Kılgöz, Şükrü Tüzmen
One of the well-known live attenuated virus (LAV) (weakened) vaccines is MMR, developed for the prevention of mumps, measles and rubella [27]. LAV vaccines are produced by attenuating the wild type virus, which still can replicate after administration, but usually do not cause a disease [25]. Even if it does, it is often significantly milder than the actual symptoms of the disease. The immune response to a LAV vaccine is very similar to natural infection, therefore a small dose of virus could be enough to provoke immune response [16]. There are only two LAV vaccine candidates reported to be at the stage of clinical evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 [21]. The LAV vaccine candidate COVI-VAC, developed by Codagenix (India) and MV-014-212, developed by Meissa Vaccines, Inc. are currently in Phase I clinical assessment, administered through the intranasal route (no published data available).
DNA vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: toward third-generation vaccination era
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Vivek P Chavda, Radhika Pandya, Vasso Apostolopoulos
Live attenuated vaccines comprised living but a damaged form of the virus or very similar to it. This form of vaccine has been used in some traditional vaccines such as, measles mumps rubella (MMR) vaccine as well as the chickenpox and shingles vaccines [30]. Like the inactivated vaccine, this method employs similar technologies and can easily be produced in large scale. However, such vaccinations may not be appropriate for people with weakened immune systems [31]. As such, COVI-VAC, developed by Serum Institute of India in partnership with Codagenix (USA), is in phase I clinical trial (NCT04619628). Meissa Canninces, Inc. is currently conducting a phase 1 clinical trial with MV-014-212, a live attenuated vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus which expresses the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 (NCT04798001).
Bat coronaviruses related to SARS-CoV-2: what about their 3CL proteases (MPro)?
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Matteo Pavan, Davide Bassani, Mattia Sturlese, Stefano Moro
Parallel to the first approach, a considerable amount of labour by both the industry and academia has been spent on developing tools that prevent the detrimental effect of the pathology and has resulted in the approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of several vaccines9. These therapeutic entities can be divided into three different classes10: the first one is composed of the inactivated virus vaccines, such as Chinese CoronaVac and the Russian CoviVac, the second family is formed by the ones based on adenovirus vectors, likeVaxzevria, Sputnik V, and the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine, while the third and final family consists of the mRNA-based ones such as the Pfizer-BioNTech “Comirnaty” and the Moderna “Spikevax”.