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Order Blubervirales: Surface Protein
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Later, Michel et al. (2007) optimized their expression system, inserted an HIV-1 polyepitope of up to 138 aa residues (which included also the V3 loop, instead of the preS2), and succeeded with efficiently secreted recombinant VLPs. In parallel, the authors performed DNA immunization of transgenic mice, which resulted in the recovery of humoral response against the carrier and enhanced levels of HIV-1 specific CD8+ T lymphocyte activation.
Immunomodulatory Effect of Plant-Based Extracts on Neurodegeneration
Published in P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas, Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
Koel Sinha, Chitrangada Das Mukhopadhyay
The immunomodulatory role of DA has a significant effect on understanding the relationship between the immune system and CNS. Reports given by various groups show the effect of DA on cytokine secretion, cell adhesion in lymphocytes of humans and rodents. It has been demonstrated that DA plays a vital role in secretion and up-regulation of cytokines like TNF-α and IL-10. Other studies revealed that D3 receptor expresses CD8+T lymphocytes selectively and stimulates the CD8+T lymphocyte adhesion. Some studies deciphered that activation of circulating lymphocytes are associated with neurodegeneration in PD. The synthesis of IL-4 and IL-10 are decreased by the stimulation of D3 receptor in CD4+T lymphocytes thus promoting the production of IFN-γ. Therefore, D3 receptor is an essential target for pathophysiology of PD [61]. Other related neurodegenerative diseases associated with immunomodulatory role of DA is AD. Numerous patients diagnosed with AD have a very low density of D2 receptors on lymphocytes and this event is also evidenced in postmortem analysis of AD brain. It is also suggested that lymphocytes of AD patients show an increase in immunoreactivity of DAβ-hydroxylase and henceforth, more studies are required to determine the function of DA on lymphocytes in AD patients [61].
Pathways of Cell Recruitment to Mucosal Surfaces
Published in Bruce S. Bochner, Adhesion Molecules in Allergic Disease, 2020
Trafficking of lymphocytes to secondary lymphoid tissues is regulated both by the expression of receptors in lymphocytes, termed homing receptors, and their cognate ligands on endothelial cells, termed vascular addressins (6–9). Although naive B and T cells both have multiple (albeit low levels) of homing receptors that allow traffic in and out of lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches, and the spleen, there appear to be fundamental differences in the capability of B and T cells to traffic to peripheral and mucosal sites. This is reflected in the relative numbers of B and T cells in these organs: B cells appear to preferentially localize to the PPs whereas T cells are the predominant cell population in peripheral organs. In vitro binding assays and short-term homing experiments have demonstrated that B cells preferentially bind to Peyer’s patch HEV and T cells to peripheral node HEV (10,11). The preponderance of B cells in the PPs is important for secretion of IgA and IgM into the mucosa (10). Tissue-specific differences between CD4+and CD8+ T-lymphocyte subsets have also been reported, although this distinction appears to be a minor one (11).
Evaluation of Radiation Sensitivity in Patients with Hyper IgM Syndrome
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2021
Saba Fekrvand, Hossein Mozdarani, Samaneh Delavari, Mahsa Sohani, Farzad Nazari, Fatemeh Kiaee, Yasser Bagheri, Gholamreza Azizi, Gholamreza Hassanpour, Sohail Mozdarani, Hassan Abolhassani, Asghar Aghamohammadi, Reza Yazdani
Quantitative comparison of immunologic findings between 2 groups is shown in Table 3. The only statistically significant difference was seen in IgE level, which was lower among the severe radiosensitive group than the low-moderate radiosensitive group (13.0 vs. 0.85 IU/ml, P = .01). Also, the number of neutrophils, IgA, IgM levels and CD16+ NK cell counts were mildly lower in the severe radiosensitive group compared with the low-moderate radiosensitive group and the number of T and B lymphocytes (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+), white blood cells (WBCs), platelets, as well as IgG serum levels, were slightly lower in the low-moderate radiosensitive group than the severe radiosensitive one, although none of these comparisons were statistically significant (P > .05). Furthermore, we compared the immunologic characteristics of both groups with age-matched normal range. The absolute lymphocyte and CD8+ T- lymphocyte counts were normal in both groups. The absolute CD3+ T- lymphocyte count was increased in the low-moderate radiosensitive group. The absolute CD4+ T- and CD19+ B- lymphocyte were increased in the severe radiosensitive group.
COVID-19 and comorbidities: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2020
Morgan Spencer Gold, Daniel Sehayek, Sofianne Gabrielli, Xun Zhang, Christine McCusker, Moshe Ben-Shoshan
Exploring the biology of SARS-CoV-2 may account for the higher prevalence of specific comorbidities among individuals infected. SARS-CoV-2 uses its spike protein S to attach to cells via the angiotensin-converting-enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor, and enters the cells following cleavage by TMPRSS2 [36]. ACE2 is heavily involved in the renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system (RAAS). In hypertension, the RAAS is dysregulated and patients often take angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEis), which have been shown experimentally to increase ACE2 expression [37,38]. However, as of now, there is no indication that ACEis or other similar medications lead to increased expression in human tissues [37]. Furthermore, immune dysfunction has also been shown to be linked with hypertension. More specifically, CD8+ T lymphocyte dysfunction may not only lead to a decreased ability to combat viral infections but also a possible dysregulation of cytokines [39]. A dysregulated cytokine profile could play a role in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) seen in severe COVID-19 presentations.
ASTX660, an antagonist of cIAP1/2 and XIAP, increases antigen processing machinery and can enhance radiation-induced immunogenic cell death in preclinical models of head and neck cancer
Published in OncoImmunology, 2020
Wenda Ye, Sreenivasulu Gunti, Clint T. Allen, Youji Hong, Paul E. Clavijo, Carter Van Waes, Nicole C. Schmitt
Given our finding that ASTX660 may promote ICD under some circumstances, we next wanted to assess how direct treatment with ASTX660 with or without radiation affects antigen-specific immune responses. We treated tumor-bearing mice with ASTX660, XRT, or combination ASTX660 + XRT using the MEER model. Tumors, spleens, and draining lymph nodes were harvested and analyzed by flow cytometry for immune correlates (Figure 3(a)). While there were no significant differences in intratumoral CD11b+CD11c+ dendritic cell numbers among treatment groups, expression of co-stimulatory molecule CD80 was significantly increased in the XRT group and approached significance in the ASTX660 + XRT group (p = .058, Suppl. Figure S6). We also investigated CD8+ T lymphocyte populations in tumor, spleen, and draining lymph nodes. Radiation alone caused a decrease in CD8 + T cells within the tumors (Figure 3(a)), possibly due to direct toxicity of radiation to the T cells. The CD8 + T cell numbers in the spleen increased significantly in the animals treated with ASTX660 alone and in a subset of animals treated with radiation ± ASTX660 (Figure 3(b)). The number of CD8+ T lymphocytes increased to a significant degree in the draining lymph nodes of animals treated with XRT alone, and to a near-significant degree in animals treated with combination therapy (Figure 3(c)).