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Vaccines Against COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Majid Khan, Muhammad Faheem, Najmur Rahman, Rizwan Ahmad, M. Zia-Ul-Haq, Muhammad Ria
Vaccines are biological preparations to enhance the acquired immunity against particular diseases/infections. Vaccines are prepared either from attenuated/ killed microorganisms or their specific parts administered into the body to stimulate an individual’s immune system. Vaccine is derived from the Latin word “Vacca,” which means “cow,” referring to the first-ever smallpox vaccine introduced by British scientist Edward Jenner after the colossal death toll in 1796 [1]. In 1980, a successful eradication for smallpox was achieved due to the vaccine’s therapeutic power as reported by WHO. The Jenner concept was further adopted for numerous diseases like polio, mumps, measles, whooping cough, rubella, tetanus, yellow fever, typhoid, hepatitis B, etc. [2].
Remote Sensing and Computational Epidemiology
Published in Abbas Rajabifard, Greg Foliente, Daniel Paez, COVID-19 Pandemic, Geospatial Information, and Community Resilience, 2021
Viral infections in animals provoke an immune response that usually eliminates the infecting virus. Immune responses can also be produced by vaccines, which confer an artificially acquired immunity to the specific viral infection. Some viruses, including those that cause AIDS, HPV infection, viral hepatitis, and COVID-19 evade these immune responses and result in chronic infections.
Short-Term Exercise and Immune Function
Published in Ronald R. Watson, Marianne Eisinger, Exercise and Disease, 2020
There are two basic types of acquired immunity. The first, humoral immunity, involves the production and/or retrafficking of circulating antibodies which are capable of attacking the invading agent. The second type of acquired immunity, cell-mediated immunity, relies on the formation of large numbers of specialized lymphocytes that are specifically sensitized against the foreign agent and have the capability of attaching to the foreign agent and destroying it, either directly through the release of lysozymes or indirectly by stimulating the phagocytic activity of macrophages.
An immunologist’s guide to immunosenescence and its treatment
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2022
Calogero Caruso, Mattia Emanuela Ligotti, Giulia Accardi, Anna Aiello, Giuseppina Candore
The immune system is a plastic system, able to adapt through experience, and a memory system, due to its ability to recognize and record all the exogenous and endogenous immunological stimuli to which it has been exposed. Thus, the immune system of everyone has experienced a different temporal combination of type, dose, and intensity of antigenic stimuli. Each immunological history, called ‘immunobiography’ [4] is responsible for a continuous adaptation throughout the life of the immune system, in turn, responsible for a strong, weak, or absent response to various specific antigens. That determines the great heterogeneity of immunological responses, especially in older people. Indeed, acquired immunity is affected by both the functional decline associated with aging and the antigenic load to which an individual has been exposed during his/her life [2–4].
Skin impacts from exposure to ultraviolet, visible, infrared, and artificial lights – a review
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2021
Juliana Yuka Furukawa, Renata Miliani Martinez, Ana Lucía Morocho-Jácome, Thalía Selene Castillo-Gómez, Vecxi Judith Pereda-Contreras, Catarina Rosado, Maria Valéria Robles Velasco, André Rolim Baby
The UV radiation biological impacts on the skin are widely studied due to its importance and relevance to the world population. Among these effects, some occur more acutely, and others occur later. An example of an acute effect is one of the body’s main responses to this stimulus: the inflammation. This occurs through a cascade of cytokines that result in erythema or “sunburn,” characterized by redness in the skin caused by the sun. Such effect is perceived in the short term or within 24 hours and its severity varies according to the type of skin, for example. Suppression of acquired immunity and induction of innate immunity also occurs. At high levels of exposure, keratinocytes can be led to apoptosis by signaling via p53 activation. After stimulus cessation, keratinocytes begin to multiply rapidly, through epidermal growth factors. Thus, this process causes a thickening of the epidermis (10,13,14).
Malaria interventions and control programes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A narrative review
Published in Cogent Medicine, 2021
Akwaowo Bassey Orok, Olusola Ajibaye, O. Oluwagbemiga Aina, Godswill Iboma, Sunday Adagyo Oboshi, Bamidele Iwalokun
As our understanding of the underlying causes of malaria grows, it may be possible to develop therapies that target malaria and prevent infection (Miller et al., 2013). One of such therapies is the use of vaccines, which have witnessed numerous field trials over the years. Experimental model vaccines, such as attenuated live parasites and transmission-blocking antigens, induce immune responses superior to naturally acquired immunity (Matuschewski & Mueller, 2007). Current vaccine trial and research is directed at three developmental stages of the parasite: the sporozoites, the merozoite and the gametocytes (Strickland, 1999). RTS, S vaccine, a circumsporozoite vaccine, given with an adjuvant system (AS01 or AS02) has consistently shown protection against Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children and infants in phase two trials conducted in seven African countries. However, as at year 2015, only 26–50% success story were recorded (RTS, 2015).