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Haematological Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
The function of monocytes is to phagocytose invading microbes and other foreign material, process resulting peptides, and present them bound to surface MHC-2 complexes for recognition and response by T and B lymphocytes. Normal monocyte count: 0.4–1.1 × 109/LIncreased monocyte count: >1.1 × 109/L = monocytosisDecreased monocyte count: <0.4 × 109/L = monocytopenia
Unexplained Fever In Hematologic Disorders
Published in Benedict Isaac, Serge Kernbaum, Michael Burke, Unexplained Fever, 2019
The incidence of febrile episodes caused by infection is very high. These are related to the severe granulocytopenia and monocytopenia. In contrast to CLL, immunoglobulin levels in HCL are usually normal. Pneumonia and septicemia due to Pseudomonas and E. coli organisms are common.75 Death may be attributed to infection in 40 to 66% of HCL patients.
Macrophage Heterogeneity
Published in Gloria H. Heppner, Amy M. Fulton, Macrophages and Cancer, 2019
Page S. Morahan, Alvin Volkman, Meryle Melnicoff, Walla L. Dempsey
Tumor-induced alterations in MP populations obviously may affect host resistance, possibly increasing susceptibility to infection in cancer patients.9 In this regard, it is interesting that considerable monocytopenia can occur in mice or in clinical situations without necessarily impairing host resistance,211,283 suggesting an important role for tissue MOs in such resistance. How the tumor burden ultimately affects tissue MOs remains to be defined; both enhancement and inhibition of MP functions have been observed.9 Tumors, as demonstrated for many viral infections,212 may also affect MP physiologic functions so that levels of biologically potent secretory products (complement components, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 (IL-1), and neutral proteases) are altered. Such changes can have profound effects on the normal physiology of cancer patients.
Normal Absolute Monocyte Count in Combination with Normal/High Absolute Lymphocyte Count at the Time of Relapse is Associated with Improved Survival in Patients with Early Relapsed Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2021
Yu Zhang, Kanchun Dai, Qianying Zhang, Yisha Huang, Yiyun Feng, Deeksha Bhardwaj, Kang Yu, Jianhua Feng
Peripheral monocytes are a key component of the innate immunity system, and play a key role in restoration of tissue integrity and control of immunoinflammatory responses (16). Previous studies have shown monocytopenia to be associated with increased risk of infections and decreased survival in patients with hematological malignancies receiving intensive induction chemotherapy or allo-HSCT (17–21). On the other hand, peripheral monocytes, which reflect the tumor microenvironment, have been reported to promote tumorigenesis and angiogenesis and contribute to systemic immunosuppression (22–24). Recent studies have reinforced the belief that increased absolute monocyte count (AMC) are associated with poor survival in patients with hematological malignancies (25–28). Furthermore, low absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), as a surrogate marker of host immune status, has also been shown to be linked to adverse outcomes in patients with hematological malignancies (29–32). However, no studies regarding the prognostic impact of peripheral AMC and ALC in early relapsed AML are available. Moreover, either AMC or ALC, as a single parameter, is not enough to accurately reflect the in vivo immune status. Therefore, in the present study, we combined AMC with ALC, to obtain a host immunity-related index, which was then used to evaluate the prognostic significance in 57 patients with early relapsed AML.
Deciphering the genotype and phenotype of hairy cell leukemia: clues for diagnosis and treatment
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2019
Margot C.E. Polderdijk, Michiel Heron, Saskia Kuipers, Ger T. Rijkers
Less attention has been given lately to the monocytopenia characteristic of HCL. So far it is unclear what would cause this monocytopenia. Zuzel and Cawley [33] have suggested that it could be caused by a growth factor deficiency or the production of suppression factors; either way, a compound that is secreted by the hairy cells could be the culprit. It should be noted that already in 1996, Schwarzmeier et al. [92] looked into the secretion of several growth factors (G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-3, IL-6, and TNF-α) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HCL patients. They found a deficiency for every one of these growth factors and cytokines, which was corrected by autologous monocyte enrichment, as also seen in the case presented by Hersh et al. [35]. Furthermore, they showed that in vitro treatment of hairy cells with IFN-α, which was the standard treatment for HCL at the time, leads to an increase in IL-6 expression.
Mavrilimumab: a unique insight and update on the current status in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2019
Chiara Crotti, Martina Biggioggero, Andrea Becciolini, Elena Agape, Ennio Giulio Favalli
During the open-label long-term extension of both phase IIb studies [56], AEs were for the majority mild or moderate, whereas only 10.0% of the overall as-treated patients reported a treatment-emergent AE of grade ≥3 severity. Nasopharyngitis (n = 69; 7.68 per 100 patient-years) and bronchitis (n = 51; 5.68 per 100 patient-years) were the most common treatment-emergent AEs. No cases of monocytopenia were observed, neutropenia was reported in four patients, and 14 patients showed serious infections (1.56 per 100 patient-years). Furthermore, despite the concerns related to the effects of GM-CSF on the pulmonary mucosa, mavrilimumab was not associated with substantial negative effects on pulmonary safety (no cases of PAP nor pulmonary-related deaths) [56].