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“On the shelves, covered in dust”
Published in Rachel E. Lovell, Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Sexual Assault Kits and Reforming the Response to Rape, 2023
Rebecca Campbell, Hannah Feeney
After a SAK has been collected by a SANE or other medical provider, it is taken into legal custody by the police, who are responsible for submitting the rape kit to a forensic laboratory for testing. When the collection of rape kits became a standardized practice in the 1980s, forensic crime laboratories did not yet have many options for how to analyze the biological samples in those kits, which limited what could be learned from the evidence. For example, at that time, kit specimens were tested using discriminating protein markers, such as ABO blood typing; however, proteins degrade quickly, so the kits had to be tested promptly for maximum gain (Butler, 2015). Once tested, ABO blood typing could determine, for example, whether a suspect had the same blood type as the crime suspect/kit sample; however, given that millions of people may also have the same blood type, this testing approach could not concretely identify a suspect. Overall, the investigative utility of kit testing was limited for identifying suspects, and its use in court was likewise limited for confirming the identity of the accused (Lander, 1991).
Hospital Systems
Published in Salvatore Volpe, Health Informatics, 2022
There are also specialized lab systems or functions such as pathology and blood bank. Pathology workflow is different, often involving specialized specimen preparation and review by a clinical pathologist. Blood bank systems might support blood typing, as well as the management of blood products. There are also computerized storage and dispensing cabinets for blood products in some operating rooms.
The Inducible System: Antigens
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Still, tissues cannot be freely transferred from one member of a species to another member of the same species. Molecules of one individual of a species which are antigenic in another member of the same species are called isoantigens and the antibodies that are produced are called isoantibodies. A well-studied example of such antigens is the ABO blood group system in humans. These blood groups are defined by the presence or absence of different glycoproteins on the surfaces of red blood cells. Groups A and B differ only in one sugar: group A glycoproteins have a terminal N-acetyl galactosamine amine and group B glycoproteins have galactos-amine. The genes thai determine these blood groups encode the transferases responsible for synthesis of the oligosaccharide portion of the glycoprotein. If an Individ ual lacks the gene for the A transferase, he will develop antibodies to A in his blood serum from exposure to similar bacterial antigenic determinants. If the blood of this individual is transfused to someone with type A blood, these isoantibodies will clump and destroy the red blood cells of the recipient. For this reason, careful blood typing is standard procedure before blood transfusion.
Preservation of red blood cell antigenicity in a new storage solution in vitro
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Sheng-Hui Tang, Hsin-Chung Lin, Jin-Biou Chang, Yung-Shu Chan, Hui-Fei Tang, Feng-Yee Chang, Tzong-Shi Chiueh, Bing-Heng Yang
Various blood typing systems exist, including Rh (C, D, E, c, e), Duffy (Fya, Fyb), Kidd (Jka, Jkb), Lewis (Lea, Leb), P (P1), MNS (M, N, S, s), and Mia antigens. Of them, Mia antigen has been reported to appear in RBCs with several Miltenberger phenotypes which belong to MNS blood group system. In particular, Mia has a low prevalence in most parts of the world but has a higher prevalence in Southeast Asian populations and in Taiwan. The highest Mia-positive prevalence was recorded in Taiwan’s indigenous Ami population (88.4%), along with the second or third highest in relation to alloantibody incidence in Taiwan [15,16]; it is therefore included in the domestic screening cell panels for regular pretransfusion tests at blood banks. Despite its importance in transfusion practices in Taiwan, the endurability of the Mia antigen during storage remains under investigation.
Navy En-Route Care in Future Distributed Maritime Operations: A Review of Clinician Capabilities and Roles of Care
Published in Prehospital Emergency Care, 2023
Ian F. Eisenhauer, Benjamin D. Walrath, Vikhyat S. Bebarta, Matthew D. Tadlock, Jay B. Baker, Steven G. Schauer
Critical first steps to meet these challenges include extensive PCC training for medical personnel with associated trauma, burn and critical care clinical experience prior to deployment to create management expertise of multiple severely injured casualties. However, as more medical programs continue to grow from medic to physician, the number of cases they can learn from decrease proportionally. Additional advanced TCCC training should be integrated into non-medical personnel training at density levels appropriate for each vessel. We must close current blood product administration capability gaps, such as training for Role 1 clinicians, walking blood bank planning and rehearsal, pre-deployment blood typing to establish low-titer O donors, and consideration of stored whole blood at the Role 1 level. Additional increases in antibiotics and analgesics aboard naval vessels will be lifesaving and will help prevent secondary moral injury when the most severe cases become palliative prior to transport.
Association between ABO blood types and the prognosis and mortality rates in patients with severe COVID-19 admitted in the intensive care unit of a tertiary-level hospital in Turkey
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2022
Suna Koç, Lutfiye Karcioglu Batur
As a result, we reported a correlation between the ABO blood group and the clinical and laboratory findings and prognosis of severe COVID-19 among patients admitted to ICU. In particular, the individuals with blood group O may carry increased risk of worse prognosis of disease in comparison other blood types, although no considerable relation was found between the mortality and blood types. Considering the increasing attempts to find the treatment for COVID-19 pandemic, the present study may possess potential clinical implications: (1) SARS-CoV-2-infected patients with different blood group types may require different vigilant surveillance and aggressive treatment; (2) vaccination in specific blood types should be accelerated (3) ABO blood typing might be a routine procedure in the management of SARS-CoV-2. Although the findings of the present study are notable and attracting, further studies are needed to assess this correlation between the ABO blood group types and COVID-19 and to determine the therapeutic options and indicate the risk factors for the patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic infections