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Unmasking features of the state of the epidemic
Published in Maria Łuszczyńska, Marvin Formosa, Ageing and COVID-19, 2021
Mariola Racław, Dobroniega Głębocka
Over-representation of deaths in older age categories is a phenomenon that occurs in all countries affected by the pandemic (Kocejko 2020). In addition to many important factors influencing population health data (e.g. availability and quality of health care, behaviour limiting morbidity and mortality), the age structure plays an important role in the analysis of information. In Kocejko’s words, Age structure (the share of the total population in each age group) alone cannot tell us which countries will be hardest hit in the pandemic but can provide important context in understanding and responding to the crisis. If two countries have the same age-specific mortality rates from COVID-19, the country with an older population would have more deaths per 1,000 people – a higher crude death rate – from the disease than the country with the younger population.(Kocejko 2020: online document)
Equity in healthcare services
Published in Songül Çınaroğlu, Equity and Healthcare Reform in Developing Economies, 2020
In this regard, social and healthcare services constitute significant aspects of public expenditures. Figure 1.1 highlights the fact that pensions and healthcare spending account for much of the public social spending in OECD countries. Countries on average spend more on cash benefits [12% of gross domestic product (GDP)] than on healthcare and social services (around 8% of GDP). Of public social expenditures, just over 70% in Italy, Poland, and Portugal and 80% in Greece involve cash benefits. In contrast, this proportion was just over 40% in Chile, South Korea, and Mexico and 35% in Iceland. Public pension payments also account for much of social spending. Healthcare receives the second largest amount of spending, behind pensions, in OECD countries (OECD, 2019). Age structure of the populations, number of elder people in the family, economic/financial crisis, and burden of diseases determines public spending trends for pensions and healthcare services (McCullough et al., 2019).
Exposure Assessment
Published in Samuel C. Morris, Cancer Risk Assessment, 2020
When exposure estimates involve past or future time periods, ramifications of population change over time must be considered. For small areas or for long time projections, a wide range of uncertainty can be introduced and is often neglected. Since cancer risk can depend on age at exposure, changes in the age structure can also be important. Once the number and structure of the population is decided, these people must be placed in time and space corresponding to environmental concentration estimates. This includes consideration of daily activity patterns and concentrations on the microenvironment level for the short term and migration rates in the long term.
Stem cell applications in regenerative medicine for stress urinary incontinence: A review of effectiveness based on clinical trials
Published in Arab Journal of Urology, 2020
Bara Barakat, Knut Franke, Samer Schakaki, Sameh Hijazi, Viktoria Hasselhof, Thomas-Alexander Vögeli
Urinary incontinence (UI) is a widespread chronic disease and a growing problem, with significant negative impact on the quality of life (QOL) of those affected. It is estimated that >200 million people worldwide are affected by UI [1]. According to recent studies, UI is found in 20–36% of the population aged >40 years [2,3]. Due to the demographic change of an increasingly ageing population, an increase in stress UI (SUI) is to be expected in the future [4]. UI can isolate patients from their professional, sexual, but especially from their social environment. This problem leads to economic and financial burdens, which will increase in the coming years as the age structure of the population changes. The successful treatment of UI requires a pathophysiological understanding of the underlying causes, as well as orienting diagnostics with therapeutic consequences.
Evaluation of frailty status among older people living in urban communities by Edmonton Frail Scale in Wuhu, China: a cross-sectional study
Published in Contemporary Nurse, 2018
Liu Yang, Yumin Jiang, Shuxiu Xu, Lihua Bao, Deborah Parker, Xiaoyue Xu, Jinzhi Li
Population ageing is a global phenomenon. Due to increasing life expectancy and declining fertility rates, the proportion of people aged over 60 years is growing faster than other age groups (UNDESA, 2002). China has the largest ageing population in the world. According to results from the sixth Chinese national census in 2014, the percentage of people aged over 60 years reached 13.26% (Zhang, 2013). The impact of changes in age structure in China has been seen in various ways. One of the most significant areas of impact is the increased prevalence of chronic diseases (Cheng, 2014). A better understanding of the risk factors of disease among older people could lead to more effective disease management (Xu, Parker, Ferguson, & Hickman, 2017). This could be done by the prevention or delay of disease development, resulting in improved quality of life, and further reduction in health costs (Blakey, Jackson, Walthall, & Aveyard, 2017; Rodgers, Neville, & Grow, 2017).
Injury control: using novel analytic methods to enhance advocacy and policy response
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2018
Some of the modern statistical and analytical methods that have been used recently include video data analysis, age-period-cohort modelling, spatial regression modelling, geographical information systems (GIS)-based spatial analytical methods and social network analysis (Li & Baker, 2012). Video data analysis, for example, has the advantage of data collection accuracy associated with events that occur in a fraction of a second and may thus be inaccurately captured by the injured individual or an observer such as a rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament during a sporting event. Caswell, Lincoln, Almquist, Dunn, and Hinton (2012) used video data analysis of injury data to provide an objective and comprehensive identification of the mechanisms of injury as well as game characteristics associated with head injuries in girls’ high school lacrosse. Play at the goal area was found to be associated with increased head injuries at the varsity high school level, suggesting the need to review and possibly increase penalty calls during these situations. The age-period-cohort analysis is also an analytic tool that is used to partition trends into components that are associated with changes over time within a given age structure of the population, time period and birth cohort. It can be a useful analytical method to uncover hidden patterns in rates over time in order to inform targeted intervention programmes in specific demographic groups like the opioid epidemic (Huang, Keyes, & Li, 2018).