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Impact of Probiotics on Animal Health
Published in Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Raquel Bedani, Lactic Acid Bacteria, 2020
Sabrina da Silva Sabo, Elías Figueroa Villalobos, Anna Carolina Meireles Piazentin, André Moreni Lopes, Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza Oliveira
Details of using probiotic LAB in monogastric animals will be discussed in the following sections. It is important to highlight that although pigs, poultry, and horses are monogastric animals of major agricultural importance, the use of probiotics in pets (cats and dogs) will be also reported, since the concern with the diet of such animals has been received increasing attention, not only because most of pet owners consider the animals to be family members (Cohen 2002), but also because recent studies demonstrated that there is a relationship between pets and owners microbiota; in the worst case, including pathogenic bacteria (Grześkowiak et al. 2015).
Distribution and Biological Functions of Pyruvate Carboxylase in Nature
Published in D. B. Keech, J. C. Wallace, Pyruvate Carboxylase, 2018
Among the mammalian species, the highest levels of liver pyruvate carboxylase activity in fed, nonpregnant/nonlactating animals are found in rat and mouse, followed by rabbit, guinea pig, and dog, ahead of man and the larger domestic species (e.g., sheep, pig, and cow). However, these differences do not merely reflect the variation in basal metabolic rate expected from the range of sizes among these species, but also are influenced by their differing patterns of metabolism, particularly the contrasts between ruminants and nonruminants. The peculiarities of ruminant nutrition and intermediary metabolism in liver and adipose tissue throughout development have been discussed by Ballard et al.55 in comparison with the situation in monogastric species. Further evidence of this distinction is to be seen in the different responses to pregnancy and lactation of liver pyruvate carboxylase in the sheep278 and cow56 compared with the rat.797
The Importance of Grazing Livestock for Soil and Food System Resilience
Published in Joyce D’Silva, John Webster, The Meat Crisis, 2017
It is often argued that because about one-third of cropland is used to grow grain for livestock and they are therefore implicated in the major losses of soil carbon that continue to occur, we should reduce livestock numbers globally, especially cattle and sheep, as they convert grain to protein less efficiently than pigs and poultry. In relation, to cattle largely raised on grain this would be prudent. However, as Wilkinson (2011) has shown, when assessed on the basis of human edible food consumption, ruminants can be more efficient than monogastric animals. In large part that is because they make far better use of grass; but in part it is also because even concentrate feed for cattle in the UK, at least, is 50 per cent less dependent on human-edible grain than feed for chickens and pigs – cattle being better suited to the consumption of arable by-products, such as brewers’ and distillers’ grains, sugar beet pulp and most oilseed by-products, except soybean meal, which is widely used in pig and poultry feed.
Photoperiod-dependent changes in oxidative stress markers in the blood of Shetland pony mares and stallions involved in recreational horseback riding
Published in Chronobiology International, 2022
Natalia Kurhaluk, Oleksandr Lukash, Halyna Tkachenko
In adult Welsh pony females, Salazar-Ortiz and co-workers (2011) showed the annual rhythm of ovulatory activity. The timing of this rhythm in relation to the season is determined by the photoperiod through the melatonin pattern. The higher the energy level available for ovulatory activity, the longer the phase of ovulatory activity. A long-term effect of glucose or insulin on the anovulatory period, as suggested by Salazar-Ortiz and co-workers (2011), is unclear because the glucose or insulin concentrations in monogastric species adapt spontaneously to the levels of feed intake. The authors suggest that glucose or insulin levels provide a variable message which is not compatible with the stability of the duration of winter inactivity in ponies. This stability observed in the pony group with variable feeding schemes indicated that glucose or insulin has no direct effect on the mechanism of nutrition on reproduction. Our study is in line with these data, as the biochemical values of plasma glucose and bilirubin in the Shetland ponies did not change statistically significantly throughout the study period (Table 3).
Deoxynivalenol and its modified forms: key enzymes, inter-individual and interspecies differences in metabolism
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2022
Yating Wang, Jiefeng Li, Xu Wang, Wenda Wu, Eugenie Nepovimova, Qinghua Wu, Kamil Kuca
Substantial differences in the intestinal metabolism of DON among species are related to the location of bacteria in the intestines and key enzymes (Bryla et al. 2018). Owing to the effective absorption of DON in the small intestine, bacterial transformation to DOM-1 is only feasible when it reaches the colon (Nagl et al. 2014). This explains the low DOM-1 levels in the feces of monogastric animals. De-epoxidation of DON to DOM-1 is an important metabolic process in ruminants and rats. In cows, DOM-3-GlcA is the dominant metabolite. Furthermore, moderate levels of iso-DOM-3-GlcA, a small amount of DOM-15-GlcA and DON-3-GlcA are detected in urine of DON-treated cows (Schwartz-Zimmermann et al. 2017). In rats, DOM-1 levels in stool samples are high due to the consumption of DON and a high relative abundance of the genus Coprococcus (Miro-Abella et al. 2018). Besides, after the analysis of new compounds, the urine level of DOM-3-GlcA is higher in rats, and a small amount of DOM-15-GlcA, iso-DOM-3-GlcA, and DOM-1 are also identified (Schwartz-Zimmermann et al. 2017).
Dietary cellulose induces anti-inflammatory immunity and transcriptional programs via maturation of the intestinal microbiota
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Florence Fischer, Rossana Romero, Anne Hellhund, Uwe Linne, Wilhelm Bertrams, Olaf Pinkenburg, Hosam Shams Eldin, Kai Binder, Ralf Jacob, Alesia Walker, Bärbel Stecher, Marijana Basic, Maik Luu, Rouzbeh Mahdavi, Anna Heintz-Buschart, Alexander Visekruna, Ulrich Steinhoff
Dietary cellulose is an insoluble fiber and consists exclusively of unbranched β-1,4-linked glucose monomers. It is the major component of plant cell walls and thus a prominent fiber in grains, vegetables and fruits. Whereas the importance of cellulolytic bacteria for ruminants was described already in the 1960s, it still remains enigmatic whether the fermentation of cellulose has physiological effects in monogastric mammals.6–11 Under experimental conditions, it has been shown that the amount of dietary cellulose influences the richness of the colonic microbiota, the intestinal architecture, metabolic functions and susceptibility to colitis.12,13 Moreover, mice fed a cellulose-enriched diet were protected from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) through changes in their microbial and metabolic profiles and reduced numbers of pro-inflammatory T cells.14