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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Published in Jason Liebowitz, Philip Seo, David Hellmann, Michael Zeide, Clinical Innovation in Rheumatology, 2023
Vaneet K. Sandhu, Neha V. Chiruvolu, Daniel J. Wallace
There has been growing interest in the gut microbiome and its influence on SLE pathophysiology. We live in a symbiotic relationship with commensal gut microbiota, which provide regulation of immunity and tolerance toward self-antigens. We are increasingly finding their influence on innate and adaptive immunity regulation. Our microbiota changes based on environment factors, such as age, geographical location, and diet. Studies performed on SLE mice models revealed reduced levels of Lactobacillus and increased Lachnospiraceae in the mice. Other studies have shown that the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio is lower in SLE patients. Bacteroides species can contribute to oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, dietary or probiotic supplements may be beneficial in SLE patients, and this is an area of active study.92
Fenugreek
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
These pooled data indicate that fenugreek is particularly effective against hyperlipidaemia (Chaturvedi et al., 2013; Roberts, 2011). While there are several mechanisms whereby changes in gut microbiota could mediate the effects of fenugreek on serum lipids, most ultimately impact the absorption of dietary fat. They proposed several mechanisms, for example, intestinal microbiota alter the metabolism of diet-derived long-chain fatty acids such as conjugated linoleic acid, modulating absorption (Kishino et al., 2013). Published data suggest that fenugreek supplementation can dose-dependently increase faecal excretion of cholesterol from rats given high fat/high calorie diets (Muraki et al., 2011), mostly through members of Lachnospiraceae and Runinococcacea families (Kriaa et al., 2019).
The Role of the Microbiome in Mood
Published in David Perlmutter, The Microbiome and the Brain, 2019
Kirsten Tillisch, Arpana Gupta
Decreases in a family of bacteria in the Clostridiales order, Lachnospiraceae, have also been identified in depressed individuals (Naseribafrouei, Hestad et al. 2014). Lachnospiraceae are producers of short chain fatty acids and may have anti-inflammatory properties. A member of this bacterial family has been shown to correlate with key sensory and limbic brain regions in both healthy individuals and those with IBS, a disorder with high levels of both depression and anxiety. The authors of this study suggest that the role of Clostridiales is in stimulation of biosynthesis and release of serotonin from gut enterochromaffin cells (Labus, Osadchiy et al. 2019). Whether the significance of Alistipes and Lachnospiraceae abundance in depression is pathophysiologic or if they play a role in the vulnerability or persistence of depression will require longitudinal study.
Flow cytometry can reliably capture gut microbial composition in healthy adults as well as dysbiosis dynamics in patients with aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Maren Schmiester, René Maier, René Riedel, Pawel Durek, Marco Frentsch, Stefan Kolling, Mir-Farzin Mashreghi, Robert Jenq, Liangliang Zhang, Christine B. Peterson, Lars Bullinger, Hyun-Dong Chang, Il-Kang Na
In line with a recent study in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy,41 we found a sustained increase in Lachnospiraceae in our cohort, with indications of a continuous taxonomic relationship at the phylum and genus level encompassing Firmicutes and Roseburia. The impact of Lachnospiraceae on their hosts’ health remains controversial, and increased abundances have been linked to metabolic, liver and kidney disease. However, some subtaxa (e.g., Roseburia) are known to protect the intestinal epithelial barrier by producing short-chain fatty acids and to constrain the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.42 Increased Lachnospiraceae abundance has also been associated with a decrease in mortality from graft-versus-host disease in HSCT.43 While our sample size is too small to detect this type of association, we do note a low incidence of infectious complications in our cohort. As all of our analyses of taxonomic dynamics are exploratory, further validation is needed.
Restoring an adequate dietary fiber intake by inulin supplementation: a pilot study showing an impact on gut microbiota and sociability in alcohol use disorder patients
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Camille Amadieu, Valentin Coste, Audrey M. Neyrinck, Victoria Thijssen, Quentin Leyrolle, Laure B. Bindels, Hubert Piessevaux, Peter Stärkel, Philippe de Timary, Nathalie M. Delzenne, Sophie Leclercq
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a major public health problem affecting 5–10% of the population in developed countries. AUD is associated with metabolic disturbances, nutritional imbalance and has deleterious effects on mental health.1,2 AUD patients are prone to develop emotional and cognitive symptoms that contribute to the persistence of addictive behavior and to the risk of relapse.2 Chronic alcohol consumption induces alterations in neurotransmission and it has been shown that alcohol consumption and appetite regulation share common neurobiological mechanisms with hormones (leptin, ghrelin) and neuromodulators (dopaminergic, opioidergic system) being involved in both eating and addictive behaviors.3–6 However, chronic ethanol exposure impacts other systems that could interact with the brain and therefore also influence behavior. Indeed, chronic alcohol consumption is associated with alterations in the composition and function of the gut microbiota.7–9 These changes include increased abundance of Lachnospiraceae while there is a decrease of some specific bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii.7,10,11 Several studies demonstrated that alterations of gut function could have an impact on cognition, mood and behavior.12–15 We have previously established a link between gut dysbiosis, intestinal permeability and the severity of psychological symptoms, such as depression, anxiety, alcohol craving but also social impairments, suggesting the involvement of the gut-brain axis in the etiology of AUD.7,16
The Sporobiota of the Human Gut
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Muireann Egan, Eugene Dempsey, C. Anthony Ryan, R. Paul Ross, Catherine Stanton
The Lachnospiraceae family is a common constituent of the gut microbiome. It consists of 24 genera, all of which are strictly anaerobic and some of which are spore-formers.5,59 Relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae varies depending on the stage of life, with the highest found in the adult GIT, followed by infants and with the lowest percentage in newborns.60 Even though the Lachnospiraceae are distributed widely throughout the environment, including other mammals, the full complement of genes required for sporulation are found only in those isolated from the human gut. The sigma-factors required to control sporulation are found in all members of the Lachnospiraceae family; however, it seems to be only those associated with the human gut which are active spore-formers.60 Members of the Lachnospiraceae family can be found throughout the digestive tract of humans, for example, in one study, the Coprococcus genus was found in both the oral cavity and stool of over 45% of the individuals tested.61 In a study of over 150 individuals in Michigan, OTUs belonging to the Lachnospiraceae family were part of a core microbiome, being present in over 95% of subjects. The authors suggested anaerobic Gram-positive spore-formers represent a considerable fraction of each individual’s microbiota.62