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Cronkhite−Canada Syndrome
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Tumor Syndromes, 2020
Histopathological examination of gastric and intestinal specimens shows four types of polyps: hamartomatous (juvenile), hyperplastic, adenomatous (tubular or serrated), and inflammatory (with marked infiltration of eosinophils, lymphocytes, IgG-4 plasma cells, and scattered neutrophils) (Figure 15.3) [14]. Most of the polyps in CCS are hamartomatous and represent non-neoplastic and non-atypical ductal proliferation, with cystic dilatation, swelling of the lamina propria mucosa, and mononuclear infiltration (predominantly eosinophils). While gastric, duodenal, jejunal, and ileal polyps and some colonic polyps appear similar to juvenile/hamartomatous polyps without dysplastic changes, the remaining colonic polyps may form tubular or serrated adenomas, the latter of which resemble hyperplastic polyps in being of sessile type and possessing saw-toothed, elongated, and dilated crypts. However, hyperplastic polyps differ from serrated adenomas by displaying insignificant nuclear atypia. The gastric polyps display millet fundic glands, pyloric glandular stomach mucosa, chronic inflammation, and surface epithelial hyperplasia. Immunohistochemical staining identifies CD138-, IgG-, and IgG4-positive plasma cells in CCS polyps, and a regimen containing H2-receptor antagonists, cromolyn sodium, and loratadine permits detection of mast cells in intestinal biopsies.
The gastrointestinal system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Sharon J. White, Francis A. Carey
A number of conditions give rise to mucosal elevations in the stomach, all of which are described macroscopically (and endoscopically) as ‘polyps’. Many such lesions are nonneoplastic. Polyps of hyperplastic and inflammatory type occur on a background of gastritis and are of little clinical significance. Not uncommonly, multiple mucosal polyps are seen in the body and cardia of the stomach, which, histologically, are seen to be due to marked dilatation of the fundic glands (fundic cyst polyps). The pathogenesis of these is unclear, but it is interesting that they are more common in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) of the colon and are also associated with long-term acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors. True benign neoplastic epithelial polyps are unusual. These adenomas are morphologically very similar to the much more common colorectal adenomas. Their recognition is very important because they have a very high risk of progression to invasive malignancy (adenocarcinoma).
Alimentary Tract
Published in George W. Casarett, Radiation Histopathology, 2019
Three different regions of the stomach are differentiated on the basis of differences in the glands they contain: The first or cardiac zone at the esophageal end of the stomach contains the cardiac glands, which are compound tubular glands similar to the cardiac glands in the lamina propria of the esophagus and containing a single layer of clear mucus-secreting cells;The third or pyloric zone at the distal, intestinal end of the stomach contains the pyloric glands, which are simple, branched, coiled tubular glands containing mainly cells similar to the principal cells in the cardiac glands;The middle or second zone of the stomach comprises the fundus or body, the largest part of the stomach, which contains the fundic glands or gastric glands proper (Figure 1C).
Clinical significance of endoscopic findings in the upper gastrointestinal tract in Crohn’s disease
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2019
Krzysztof Dąbkowski, Katarzyna Graca-Pakulska, Iwona Zawada, Jerzy Ostrowski, Teresa Starzyńska
The cornerstone study and novel observations that changed the perception of the problem came from Japan with the study by Yokota et al. published in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in 1997 [12]. The authors described a new endoscopic abnormality in the stomach of CD patients, a “bamboo joint-like appearance” (BJA), present in more than half of the examined individuals [12]. These endoscopic findings were described as “swollen longitudinal folds transversed by erosive fissures or linear furrows” [20]. In contrast to previous observations, the lesions had a predilection to the proximal stomach, including the lesser curvature of the body and cardia [12]. Typical histopathological findings in BJA biopsies were hyperplastic fundic glands with no atrophy or metaplasia, lymphocytic infiltration of the lamina propria, the presence of stromal edema, and lymphoid follicles, with granulomas present in 45% of the patients [12]. It is noteworthy that 50 histological sections (two biopsies from every abnormality) were made to detect granulomas in that study. Yokota et al. also showed that the BJA was present irrespective of the patient’s sex, age, location of the disease, and medications taken [12]. Authors underlined that the BJA can be observed using a white light endoscopy, but was better visualized using a side-viewing scope, air reduction, or chromoendoscopy [12,20]. Furthermore, they concluded that the BJA may be associated almost exclusively with CD and should be considered an endoscopic biomarker of CD [12].
Mass spectrometry-based phospholipid imaging: methods and findings
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Al Mamun, Ariful Islam, Fumihiro Eto, Tomohito Sato, Tomoaki Kahyo, Mitsutoshi Setou
Distribution of specific PLs in different normal anatomical locations of biological tissues has been extensively studied. MALDI-MSI allowed visualizing the cell-selective distribution of polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing PCs (PUFA-PCs) in mouse brain: arachidonic acid-containing PCs (AA-PCs) and docosahexaenoic acid-containing PCs (DHA-PCs) were distributed in the hippocampal neurons and cerebellar Purkinje cells, respectively [76]. Two PLs, PI(38:4) and PC(36:1) were preferentially localized to the gray matter while PC(32:0) were preferentially localized to the white matter of rat brain [51]. PLs imaging in the human term placenta showed the differential distribution of PC(16:0_20:4) between the stem and terminal villi [77]. Two PC molecules, PC(16:0_18:2) and PC(16:0_18:1) were detected as the dominant molecules in the human gastric mucosa near the fundic glands [78]. DESI-MSI was capable of imaging 1-O-alkyl phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylserines, PE (18:1e/18:1), and PS (18:1e/18:1) in a thin ring in the outermost region of the human lens [79]. Some other MALDI-MSI studies showed the distributions of PLs in various biological tissues including rat brain [80–82], heart [83], liver [84], mouse kidney [85], lung [86], and human lens [87]. ToF-SIMS imaging revealed the distribution of some specific PLs in the sections of the mouse brain [88], rat brain [89], and human skeletal muscle [90]. While the most imaged samples in the literature are tissues, several studies applied MALDI-MSI to profile PLs distribution in the whole body of some species including Caenorhabditis elegans [91], and Drosophila melanogaster [92].
Ultra-structural study of the indomethacin-induced apoptosis and autophagy in rat gastric parietal cells
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2020
Sahar M Gebril, Yuko Ito, Eman E. Abu-Dief, Mahmoud Rezk Abdelwahed Hussein, Hoda M Elsayed, Asmaa Naser Mohammad, Usama M Abdelaal, Kazuhide Higuchi
Rats of all groups were sacrificed through intra-cardiac perfusion of 2.5% glutaraldehyde fixative in 0.1 M phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at pH. 7.4. The gastric tissues were dissected, and mucosal specimens were obtained from the glandular mucosa (from the lesion area in IND-treated group) and were cut into small pieces (2x2x2 mm in size). The gastric tissue specimens were fixed in the same fixative for 30 minutes at room temperature (37°C) then for 1.5 h at 4°C to slow down autolytic processes and to reduce tissue shrinkage. The specimens were washed in 0.1M PBS overnight at 4°C, post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide in 100 ml PBS for 2 h at room temperature, and washed in 0.1M PBS for 5 minutes, three times at room temperature. Dehydration was done by using 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% ethanol (15 minutes each). The clearing was done by propylene oxide for 15 min, twice, then immersion in 50% (v/v in propylene oxide), and 100% epoxy resin (2 h, each at room temperature). Tissue embedding was done using epoxy resin at 60°C for 72 hours. Using a glass knife, semi-thin sections (250–500 nm thickness) were prepared by using ultratome (RMC PT-X), stained by toluidine blue solutions for 1 minute at 80°C, washed in distilled water, examined and selected areas were photographed with a light microscope.6,23,24 The isthmus and neck regions of the fundic glands were determined, and the blocks were trimmed. Ultra-thin sections (70 nm thickness) were cut using a diamond knife, mounted on nickel grids, and stained with 2% Uranyl acetate (0.5 g Uranyl acetate in 25 ml 70% ethanol) for 2 minutes. The grids were rinsed in distilled water for 5 minutes, stained with lead citrate solution for 5 minutes, and rinsed in distilled water for 1 minute. Observation of the stained grids was done using TEM H-7650 (Hitachi Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). Selected areas were photographed.