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Clindamycin and Lincomycin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Clindamycin is very active against other Gram-negative anaerobes such as Prevotella disiens, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella melaninogenica, Fusobacterium spp., Veillonella spp., and Porphyromonas spp. (Eick et al., 1999; Leigh, 1981; Sutter, 1977; Sutter and Finegold, 1976). In addition, the Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli belonging to genera such as Butyrivibrio, Succinimonas, Anaerovibrio, and others may be sensitive to clindamycin (Johnson and Finegold, 1987).
Nutrition and the Immune System
Published in David Heber, Zhaoping Li, Primary Care Nutrition, 2017
A Verrucomicrobia species (Akkermansia muciniphila) was 33- and 47-fold higher in stool samples of UA producers than in those of nonproducers at baseline and after 4 weeks, respectively. This bacterium also occurs in the small intestine, where it breaks down mucin and stimulates more mucin production from goblet cells to protect small intestinal epithelia. In UA producers, the genera Butyrivibrio, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Lactobacillus, Prevotella, Serratia, and Veillonella were increased and Collinsella decreased significantly at week 4 compared with baseline. Pomegranate extract consumption may induce health benefits secondary to changes in the microbiota, which amplify the production of urolithins.
Mechanism and Role of Probiotics in Suppressing Bowel Cancer
Published in Sheeba Varghese Gupta, Yashwant V. Pathak, Advances in Nutraceutical Applications in Cancer, 2019
Aaishwarya B. Deshmukh, Jayvadan K. Patel, Bharat Mishra
Another mechanism whereby probiotics influence bowel cancer risk is the microbial, that is, bacterial alteration of food components in lumen of intestine and production of cancer-preventive agents. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) as well as gas is generated by bacterial fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates. Fecal material eliminates the formed gas, while SCFA, primarily acetate, propionate, and butyrate, correspond to intestinal mucosal nutrients and growth signals by reducing the concentration of secondary bile salts [50]. Convincing study shows that butyrate improves cellular differentiation and diminishes proliferation in bowel cancer cell lines. A specific strain (MDT-1) of the ruminal bacterium Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens creates elevated quantity of butyrate and has been evaluated for use as a probiotic to prevent bowel cancer [51] in a mouse model. The result shows that administration of MDT-1 reduces the amount of ACF and the percentage of mice with enlarged ACF fraction. Nonetheless, synbiotics are more active in escalating the production of SCFA probiotics alone, and therefore protection against bowel cancer onset. Furthermore, probiotics also produce collection of fatty acids known as conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs), which can be considered as set of isomers of linoleic acid, which exerts abundant health benefits, such as anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic effects besides SCFA [52]. In rodent studies, reduction in the incidence of colonic tumors has been observed by CLA. All these studies support the notion that fermentation of indigestible food by supplemental probiotics can be a strategy for preventing bowel cancer; however, advanced investigations are required.
Profile of the oral microbiota from preconception to the third trimester of pregnancy and its association with oral hygiene practices
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022
Xuena La, Hong Jiang, An Chen, Huajun Zheng, Liandi Shen, Weiyi Chen, Fengyun Yang, Lifeng Zhang, Xushan Cai, Hongfang Mao, Lu Cheng
During the preconception period, the abundance of seven genera such as Prevotella 7, Prevotella 6, Dialister and Filifactor was significantly higher in women with lower oral hygiene practice scores, while Moraxella and Absconditabacteria SR1 G1 were enriched in women with higher oral hygiene practice scores. Butyrivibrio 2 and Moraxella were enriched in women without preconception periodontal disease. Four genera (Catonella, Filifactor, Fusobacterium and Porphyromonas) were significantly enriched in women with frequent bleeding during tooth brushing. Five genera were enriched in women who brushed their teeth only once per day, while four genera were enriched in women who brushed their teeth at least twice a day. Women who brushed their teeth for less than 3 min had higher abundance of Prevotella, Porphyromonas, etc., while Streptococcus was enriched in women who brushed their teeth for 3–5 min. The abundance of Dialister, Filifactor, Parvimonas and Lautropia was significantly higher in women who did not rinse their mouth after meals or sweets. Three genera differed between women who seldom used dental flossing and women who often flossed their teeth (Table S3).
Characterization of oral bacteria in the tongue coating of patients with halitosis using 16S rRNA analysis
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2020
Akiko Oshiro, Takashi Zaitsu, Masayuki Ueno, Yoko Kawaguchi
At the bacterial genus level, 14 bacterial genera were only detected in halitosis subjects. Hence, these bacterial genera may play pivotal roles in the occurrence of halitosis. Among the bacterial genera, Tannerella, Treponema, Dialister, Mogibacterium, and Eikenella are associated with the occurrence and severity of human periodontitis [10,34]. Periodontal disease is well known as a major contributing factor of halitosis. Many studies mention a close relationship between the severity of periodontal disease and the extent of halitosis. Butyrivibrio, Peptococcus, and Anaerovorax have been identified at high frequencies during peri-implant inflammation [15,16,35]. Therefore, the presence of these bacteria may be associated with poor dental hygiene. A previous study [10,11] suggested that Treponema and Peptococcus are probably involved in the production of VSCs. The role of other bacteria, such as RF39, Peptostreptococcaceae, Veillonellaceae, Aggregatibacter, Moraxella, and Bacteroidales, in oral health is still unknown. As these bacteria were observed only in few subjects, their presence might be influenced by the individual oral environment. In this study, the oral environment of individuals would change on a day-by-day basis depending on the oral health behaviour, eating habits, taste, and saliva flow rate of the individual, and, in some cases, also by changes in prescriptions and/or other medications.
The dichotomous role of the gut microbiome in exacerbating and ameliorating neurodegenerative disorders
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2020
Urdhva Raval, Joyce M. Harary, Emma Zeng, Giulio M. Pasinetti
ALS is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that involves neurons in the brain and spinal cord. ALS results in muscle weakness and stiffness. ALS eventually leads to difficulty in speech, swallowing, and breathing, ultimately resulting in death due to respiratory paralysis. The cause of Sporadic ALS, the most common type of ALS, remains elusive. In animal models of ALS, leaky gut and disrupted blood brain barrier have been observed [16,89]. Though its etiology is unknown, ALS has been associated with reduced levels of anti-inflammatory bacteria in the gut. Specifically, butyrate producing bacteria, including Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Escherichia coli, as well as those of the genus, Oscillibacter, Anaerostipes, and Lachnospira were found to be reduced. Reduction of these butyrate producing bacteria has been linked to increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the intestine and serum. Additionally, the ratio of the phyla Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes is disrupted in ALS patients when compared to healthy individuals, providing further evidence of GM dysbiosis in ALS pathology [100,101]. GM derived products such as LPS have been found in the plasma of ALS patients and can cross the blood brain barrier to cause neuroinflammation, potentially contributing to ALS pathogenesis [94].