China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Phyto constituent-Centered Byproducts and Nanomedicines as Leishmanicidal Scavengers
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Sabya Sachi Das, P. R. P. Verma, Sandeep Kumar Singh
The drugs comprising antimony (pentavalent antimonials) as a principal component are primarily the drugs of choice as anti-leishmanial drugs (ALD) for first line cure of Leishmaniasis where confrontation has not been stated (Singh et al., 2006). These comprise of the generic sodium stibogluconate (pentostam, Figure 5.3), the branded meglumine antimoniate, which is been in practice for over five decades. Unfortunately, the Leishmania protozoal parasites have been progressively developed the resistance to these pentavalent antimonial drugs and hence this raised a question for their usage in disease-endemic extents (Maltezou, 2010). Since, these antimonials are directed intravenously (I.V) or intramuscularly (I.M), they are not suitable for patients. They are also concomitant with adverse reactions, which include biochemical pancreatitis, elevation in serum aminotransferases level, and electro-cardiographic oddities (Polonio and Efferth, 2010).
Unexplained Fever In Patients Returning From The Tropics Including U.F. Associated With Hypereosinophilia
Published in Benedict Isaac, Serge Kernbaum, Michael Burke, Unexplained Fever, 2019
Visceral leishmaniasis may be confused with malaria, septicemia, or hematologic malignancies. One must think of visceral leishmaniasis because it is a curable but life-threatening disease. In case of doubt, a therapeutic trial with antimonial agents may be useful.
The Application of Fragment-based Approaches to the Discovery of Drugs for Neglected Tropical Diseases
Published in Venkatesan Jayaprakash, Daniele Castagnolo, Yusuf Özkay, Medicinal Chemistry of Neglected and Tropical Diseases, 2019
Christina Spry, Anthony G. Coyne
Currently, there is no vaccine to prevent leishmaniases, and disease prevention relies primarily on reducing contact with sandflies. Leishmaniases are currently treated with pentavalent antimonial compounds that have been in use for several decades, as well as the newer drugs amphotericin B, paramomycin and miltefosine. However, as yet, drugs are not available to those in need, and only miltefosine can be administered orally. Furthermore, as current therapies do not clear parasites from the body, treatment failure, relapse and mortality are high among HIV co-infected patients unless antiretroviral therapy is given (WHO 2018e).
Evaluating the effect of oral clarithromycin on acute cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions compared with systemic glucantime
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Naghmeh Zabolinejad, Pouran Layegh, Zahra Abbasi Shaye, Maryam Salehi, Somayeh Ghanizadeh
The pentavalent antimonial drug has been the most common treatment for leishmaniasis for many years. However, resistance to this drug is on a rise, and there has been a great tendency toward the use of new anti-leishmaniasis treatments over the past few years, which are not only suitable for the treatment of the disease, but also are easy to use and available and have fewer complications (18,19). Since CL is a self-limiting disease and the aim of treatment is to control the spread of the disease in endemic areas and reduce scarring, it is logical to apply drugs with a greater effect, fewer complications, and easier use. Due to the structural similarity of azithromycin and clarithromycin and the therapeutic effects of clarithromycin on intracellular organisms, and the proven anti-leishmanial effects of azithromycin, clarithromycin could also be considered as an anti-leishmaniasis treatment.
From infection to vaccination: reviewing the global burden, history of vaccine development, and recurring challenges in global leishmaniasis protection
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Greta Volpedo, Ryan H Huston, Erin A Holcomb, Thalia Pacheco-Fernandez, Sreenivas Gannavaram, Parna Bhattacharya, Hira L Nakhasi, Abhay R Satoskar
After diagnosis, treatment of leishmaniasis must also contend with multiple challenges. Unfortunately, although affordable, the WHO-standard pentavalent antimonial combination regimen can cause severe side effects such as liver, heart, and kidney toxicity [1,22,27,29,30]. In addition, drug efficacy varies by region due to parasite resistance to first line antimonials which has been observed as high as 40–60% in Algeria and Bihar, India [31,32]. Intravenous application of liposomal amphotericin B represents the most significant advance from this paradigm in recent years as it can clear all systemic leishmaniases with low levels of toxicity – however, at much greater expense [27,29,33]. Additional treatment alternatives have been under investigation including surgery [34], cryosurgery [35,36], heat therapy [37–39], as well as a variety of localized drug-delivery strategies for localized lesions [22]. Lastly, plastic surgery can attempt to rectify disfiguring scars that often remain following clearance of CL and MCL [40].
Use of liposomal nanoformulations in antileishmania therapy: challenges and perspectives
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2021
Jair Téllez, Maria Clara Echeverry, Ibeth Romero, Andrea Guatibonza, Guilherme Santos Ramos, Ana Carolina Borges De Oliveira, Frédéric Frézard, Cynthia Demicheli
The main feature that makes liposomes ideal vehicles of drug delivery molecules inside the macrophages is their capacity of being digested in the body by phagocytic cells after internalization. The best-known cases of this ‘Trojan horse’ mechanism, are parasitic diseases that normally use mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) cells as vehicles, such as the infections caused by the different species of Leishmania spp (New et al. 1978, Shaheen et al. 2006). In the 1970s, an important advance in the use of liposomes for VL treatment was reported (Black et al. 1977). In this study antimonial drugs encapsulated in liposomes showed an effective increment in vivo against experimental VL, compared to non-encapsulated drugs. The increased leishmanicidal effect of the encapsulated antimonial was mainly attributed to two different phenomena: (i) a prolonged drug presence in the organism, due to liposomes circulation in the blood, and (ii) a natural process of liposome recognition by liver and spleen macrophages, which releases the encapsulated drug inside the cells (Alving 1986). These phenomena induce a significant decrease of parasites in the macrophage cells, which are the main sites of infection by Leishmania spp.