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The Challenge of Parasite Control
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
For the physician with a patient who is either likely to become exposed to a specific parasite or is already infected with one, drug use is focused on either protecting or treating the individual. A public health official or an epidemiologist may have a different perspective. Their goal is to reduce overall transmission of a parasite and thereby protect a particular population or community from infection. Epidemiology (disease in human populations) as it applies to parasites was discussed in Chapter 6. Here we consider a few additional aspects of parasite epidemiology related to the use of anti-parasitic drugs.
Epidemiology, Disease Transmission, Prevention, and Control
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Epidemiologists use a reasoning process based on biological inferences derived as a result of observation of disease occurrence in population groups. Epidemiologists integrate the concepts and methods of other disciplines such as statistics, sociology, and biology into their field. By using such multidisciplinary methods, they are usually able to establish the etiology of a specific disease or group of diseases. Epidemiological studies may provide the basis for the evaluation of the efficacy of disease preventive procedures and public health practices as well as of health services. Epidemiological methods can be applied to the study of any disease or condition, acute or chronic, infectious or noninfectious, communicable or non-communicable, and to the study of health as well.
Social context of health and illness
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Epidemiologists study populations and analyse patterns of disease and their causes. A lack of vitamins and minerals, too much saturated fat, physical inactivity and smoking are key causes of bodily malfunction and disease. They are risk factors for disease and they need to be avoided or removed. The population, now an object of surveillance, waits for the consensus of opinion imposed and controlled by the scientific, most often medical, community. This consensus creates normative universal standards for healthy living such as no smoking, daily nutritional recommendations for calories and nutrients, and guidelines about how much and at what level we need to exercise. The model treats lifestyle like any other medical condition, there is a cause and an effect. The population is often held responsible for their health-related behaviour. Experts persuade people to change their behaviour, to comply, to avoid the ‘dangerous’ risks that could damage the mechanics of their bodies.
Trends of acute drug and chemical toxicities in adults and adolescents in Tehran, Iran between 2012 and 2018: a retrospective chart review
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Seyed Kaveh Hadeiy, Parinaz Parhizgar, Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam, Nasim Zamani, Ali Khoshkar, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Alireza Amirabadizadeh, Omidvar Rezaei
Acute intentional or accidental poisoning by medications and chemicals is a rampant emergency in Iran (Hassanian-Moghaddam et al. 2014). It is among the top three common reasons of death in suicidal and second cause of death in hospitalized patients in the country (Alinejad et al.2017). Since a major part of acute poisonings are suicidal, data on their trend can reveal the approximate number of suicides regarding the fact that there are no specialized centers/organizations to announce such statistics in our country. On the other hand, determination of the poisoning trend helps us to be prepared for possible emergencies including outbreaks (antidote stocking, preparing diagnostic, and treatment guidelines) and have an insight on the planned and in-process protocols, including opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) programs. These facts highlight the needs for conducting epidemiologic studies in this field. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the trend and mortality of acute drug and chemical poisonings in the adult and adolescent groups in a seven-year period between 2012 and 2018.
Orthodontics and the Pandemic: Long Term Consequences
Published in Orthodontic Waves, 2021
The genesis for this entire discussion of PPE is Aerosol Generating Procedures (AGP) or Aerosol Generating Dental Procedures [AGDP) [26]. Virdi and colleagues in January 2021 stated, ‘Despite there being plentiful national and international guidance available, there remains ambiguity as to what constitutes an aerosol-generating dental procedure.’ [27],identified six areas of confusion that need to be clarified in researching AGDP: 1] quantification of aerosol bioload created during various AGDPs, 2) establishing the required infectious doses of individual pathogens, 3) identification of environmental factors that influence aerosol spread in dental offices, 4) assessment of patient susceptibility based upon individualized characteristics, 5) epidemiologic surveillance to identify the true rates of situational-specific spread, and 6) assessment of infectious disease prevalence in dental health care providers [DHCPs) and dental office personnel. These areas must be addressed with well designed, funded research by the dental community.
Take Away from COVID-19 Outbreak: Enhancing Jails’ and Prisons’ Abilities in Response to a Future Pandemic
Published in Journal of Legal Medicine, 2021
Uniform rules requiring disclosure of information are necessary during a pandemic. A pandemic outbreak in jails and prisons not only affects those inside the walls but also affects people outside through interactions between the facility staff and the general public. Without accurate information, the public may either under- or overestimate the outbreak in jails and prisons, both of which have adverse impacts on controlling the spread of the virus. The public has an interest in receiving true and accurate information including the number of tests administrated, confirmed cases, recovered cases, deaths among incarcerated people and facility staff, and population reductions in response to the federal rule. Only with information transparency can epidemiologists, public health experts, and ethicists work with decision makers to establish effective policies.40