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The Genetic Program of Aging
Published in Shamim I. Ahmad, Aging: Exploring a Complex Phenomenon, 2017
Xiufang Wang, Huanling Zhang, Libo Su, Zhanjun Lv
Somatopause, or the age-related decrease of growth hormone and the insulin-like signaling pathway, appears to play roles in regulating life span. Insulin-like signaling activity and the expression of insulin-like peptides are reduced in long-lived nematodes, mice, and humans. Centenarians are generally more sensitive to insulin. Mutations in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptors are overrepresented in many Ashkenazi Jewish centenarians (Kenyon, 2010; Moskalev et al., 2014). daf-2 is a gene that encodes for a hormone receptor similar to mammalian insulin and IGF-1 in nematodes. In nematodes, mutations that decrease the activity of daf-2 doubled a nematode's life span (Kenyon, 2010). In humans, insulin resistance, changes in body composition, physiologic declines in growth hormone IGF-1, and sex steroids feature the process of aging. The enhanced levels of corticosteroid hormones led to degenerative changes in salmon. The life span of salmon was extended when the gonad was removed from salmon before maturation via prevention of interrenal hyperplasia (Allard and Duan, 2011).
Endocrinology of aging
Published in Philip E. Harris, Pierre-Marc G. Bouloux, Endocrinology in Clinical Practice, 2014
Prasanth N. Surampudi, Christina Wang, Yanhe Lue, Ronald Swerdloff
The progressive decline in GH secretion has been termed the “somatopause.” An extrapolation was made within a French study, and it projected that the annual incidence is 12 per million.214 A Danish study reported that the expected incidence of adult onset GHD is 1.90 in males and 1.42 in females.215 The symptoms of clinically significant somatopause (the decline in GH levels with symptoms of GHD) overlap with symptoms of other age-related disorders such as metabolic syndrome and late onset hypogonadism.206,207 These comorbid conditions can place older people at risk for developing cardiovascular and osteoporotic conditions and reduce quality of life. One must observe for milder symptoms of adult onset GHD.216
Clinical relevance of insulin-like growth factor-1 to cardiovascular risk markers
Published in The Aging Male, 2020
Ko Harada, Yoshihisa Hanayama, Mikako Obika, Koichi Itoshima, Ken Okada, Fumio Otsuka
During the physiological process of aging, four hormone systems demonstrate declines in circulating hormone concentrations, namely, dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate in “adrenopause”, estrogen in “menopause”, testosterone in “andropause”, and the GH/IGF-1 axis in “somatopause” [2–4]. Among them, serum IGF-1 levels peak in the second decade of life, but subsequently decline rapidly until the sixth decade, when they plateau [5]. Owing to this pattern, IGF-1 is believed to contribute to the age-related loss of vitality, vigor, muscle mass, physical function, and activities of daily living, and to frailty and deterioration of mental function [6].