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Water Quality and the Impact on Human Health and the Environment: The Current International and EU Regulatory Framework
Published in Stefania Negri, Environmental Health in International and EU Law, 2019
As for the proposal’s compliance with the WHO recommendations, the Commission has adopted the majority of the suggested parameters and parametric values, but on a few parameters has put forward a different approach. Specifically, the WHO recommended including chlorate (ClO3) and chlorite (ClO2) as new parameters, and set a value of 0.7 mg/l for both, adopting parametric values for two individual perfluorinated substances: perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) with a value of 0.4 μg/l and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) with a value of 4 μg/l. Second, the WHO recommended that five parameters be removed from the DWD: benzene, cyanide, 1,2-dichloroethane, mercury, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Third, the WHO suggested raising the parametric values for antimony (from 5 to 20 4 μg/l), boron (from 1 to 2.4 mg/l) and selenium (from 10 to 40 4 μg/l).
An Introduction to Risk Assessment with a Nod to History
Published in Ted W. Simon, Environmental Risk Assessment, 2019
Genetic variations exist for the genes encoding the renal transporters of PFASs. Gout is, of course, a genetic disease, and higher uric acid levels have been observed in association with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS).209,210 Therefore, what may have been observed in these two studies are increases in serum levels of PFOA, PFOS, and uric acid as a consequence of genetic variation—an example of so-called reverse causation—but without genotyping individuals, the source of these associations is unknown.211–214
Effects of chemical exposures on testis cell-cell interactions and endocrine function
Published in C. Yan Cheng, Spermatogenesis, 2018
Rachel C. Knight, Jennifer R. Panizzi, Benson T. Akingbemi
Somatic Sertoli cells produce several factors, including androgen-binding protein (ABP), sulfated glycoproteins (SGP) 1/2, transferrin, and inhibin B, which support germ cell development. Exposures to perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) decreased inhibin B expression in testes of adult mice and disrupted feedback regulation of pituitary FSH secretion.52 Exposure to bisphenol AF (an analog of BPA) increased serum gonadotropin concentrations associated with decreased testicular inhibin B mRNA in male rats, and serum BPA concentrations were inversely related to inhibin B concentrations in infertile male subjects.53,54 As well, perinatal exposures to dioxin decreased serum inhibin B and elevated FSH levels in male subjects.55 Prenatal exposures to BPA activated Raf1 and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 in rat Sertoli cells56 and disrupted junctional barriers in vivo and in vitro.57,58 Furthermore, BPA exposures were associated with redistribution of junctional proteins such as occludin, zonula occludens 1, N-cadherin, β-catenin, or connexin 43 in the rat and human testes, which disrupted intercellular communication.57,59–62 Chemical disruption of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) and ectoplasmic specializations (ES) in Sertoli cells likely renders the testes more vulnerable to chemical exposure effects.
Pulmonary exposure of mice to ammonium perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoate) (GenX) suppresses the innate immune response to carbon black nanoparticles and stimulates lung cell proliferation
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2022
Ho Young Lee, Dorothy J. You, Alexia J. Taylor-Just, Keith E. Linder, Hannah M. Atkins, Lauren M. Ralph, Gabriela De la Cruz, James C. Bonner
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent chemicals in ‘nonstick’ products such as TeflonTM and firefighting foams that cause immunosuppression in mice (Yang et al. 2002; Dewitt et al. 2008; DeWitt et al. 2012) and have been associated with susceptibility to asthma and lung infections in humans (Qin et al. 2017; Zhou et al. 2017; Impinen et al. 2018; Averina et al. 2019). Representative ‘legacy’ PFAS compounds, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), are presumed immune hazards to humans by the US National Toxicology Program (NTP 2016) after findings from both animal and human studies provided evidence of suppressed T cell-dependent antibody response (TDAR) and suppressed vaccine response (Yang et al. 2002; Dewitt et al. 2008), including a decrease in vaccine-associated antibody concentrations in exposed children (Grandjean et al. 2012; Stein et al. 2016).
Systemic PFOS and PFOA exposure and disturbed lipid homeostasis in humans: what do we know and what not?
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Styliani Fragki, Hubert Dirven, Tony Fletcher, Bettina Grasl-Kraupp, Kristine Bjerve Gützkow, Ron Hoogenboom, Sander Kersten, Birgitte Lindeman, Jochem Louisse, Ad Peijnenburg, Aldert H. Piersma, Hans M. G. Princen, Maria Uhl, Joost Westerhout, Marco J. Zeilmaker, Mirjam Luijten
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are man-made substances with unique physicochemical properties, such as oil and water repellence, high temperature and chemical resistance, and emulsifying/surfactant properties. Because of these properties, PFASs have been in use since the 1950s for a wide range of industrial and consumer applications, including food contact materials, water-repellent fabrics, waxes, fire-fighting foams, shampoos and cosmetics, as well as insecticides. Several long-chain PFASs, including the well-known perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), are extremely persistent in the environment and tend to bioaccumulate (OECD 2015). Measurable blood concentrations of PFOA and PFOS, and to a lesser degree other PFASs, have been found in populations worldwide (US EPA 2016a, 2016b; Ballesteros et al. 2017; ATSDR 2018; EFSA CONTAM Panel 2018a, 2020). Moreover, this class of substances has been associated with various adverse health effects in humans, including serum lipid perturbations, immunotoxicity, and developmental toxicity (US EPA 2016a, 2016b; ATSDR 2018; EFSA CONTAM Panel 2018a, 2020).
A comparison of levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) in raw and cooked fish
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Şana Sungur, Erdi Kanan, Muaz Köroğlu
The perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) consist of a large group of compounds consisting of a fully fluorinated hydrophobic alkyl chain of varying length and a hydrophilic end group. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) are the most prominent members of PFAS. Due to their thermal and chemical stability and surface activity, perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been used since decades in a range of industrial and chemical applications as processing aids in impregnation agents for textiles, carpets, paper, packaging materials, furniture, shoes, cleaning agents, paint and varnish, wax, floor polishing agents, fire-extinguishing liquids, photo paper, and insecticide formulations (EFSA 2012). The wide use of certain PFCs led to their global distribution in the environment including humans.