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Central Connections of the Nuclei of the Vagus Nerve
Published in Sue Ritter, Robert C. Ritter, Charles D. Barnes, Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Abdominal Vagal Afferents, 2020
R.A. Leslie, D.J.M. Reynolds, I.N.C. Lawes
Characteristically, the nuclei of the paraventricular system are subependymal or subpial; many of them have a blood-brain diffusion barrier of limited effectiveness. They contain a large variety of neuroactive compounds, some which seem to be almost exclusively distributed in the paraventricular system. Paraventricular nuclei participate in cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, neuroendocrine, osmoregulatory, thermoregulatory and defensive processes. Their defining characteristics, however, are that they are all within two principal synapses of the DVC and that they are all connected to at least two other members of the set.23
Hypothalamic Neuroendocrine Regulation
Published in George H. Gass, Harold M. Kaplan, Handbook of Endocrinology, 2020
TRH was characterized as a tripeptide amide91 and shown to be present in high concentrations in the brain.92 That brain region is now known as the paraventricular nucleus, located at the dorsal margin of the third ventricle. The paraventricular nucleus contains the hypophysiotropic neurons of the TRH-tuberoinfundibular system. These cells project to the median eminence mainly through the lateral retrochiasmatic area.
Pharmacological Treatment of Obesity
Published in Emmanuel C. Opara, Sam Dagogo-Jack, Nutrition and Diabetes, 2019
Amie A. Ogunsakin, Ayotunde O. Dokun
Lorcaserin is a selective serotonin 2c receptor agonist (5HT-2C). It was FDA approved in June 2012. Lorcaserin acts at 5-HT2C receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), particularly the hypothalamus, to reduce appetite [55,56]. It stimulates 5-HT2C receptors on the POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus; this causes the release of alpha-melanocortin-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), which acts on melanocortin-4 receptors in the paraventricular nucleus to suppress appetite (Figure 7.1). Potential drug interactions may occur with medications that affect serotonergic pathways. There is a risk of serotonin syndrome and neuroleptic malignant syndrome if used in combination with other serotonergic agents.
Therapeutic effects of the gold nanoparticle on obesity-triggered neuroinflammation: a review
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2023
Jessica Abel, Mariella Reinol da Silva, Ana Beatriz Costa, Mariana Pacheco de Oliveira, Larissa Espindola da Silva, Larissa Marques Dela Vedova, Talita Farias Mendes, Gisele Tartari, Jonathann Correa Possato, Gabriela Kozuchovski Ferreira, Ricardo Andrez Machado de Avila, Gislaine Tezza Rezin
In addition to the hypothalamus, other brain structures are subject to inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal damage. The hypothalamus is formed by the arched nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus, the lateral hypothalamic area, the dorsomedial nucleus, and the ventromedial nucleus [46]. The arched nucleus is related to the control of energy homeostasis, where orexigenic and anorethine neurons act. Both have opposite physiological functions and are able to identify peripheral signals such as leptin, insulin, and ghrelin, as well as central signals such as gamma-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, and melanocortin. By doing this, they modulate the regulation of appetite, caloric expenditure, and metabolism. Thus, the hypothalamus is popularly called the centre of satiety, and its dysfunction therefore impairs the interpretation of hunger and satiety [47].
Thermal lesions of the SCN do not abolish all gene expression rhythms in rat white adipose tissue, NAMPT remains rhythmic
Published in Chronobiology International, 2021
Rianne Van Der Spek, Ewout Foppen, Eric Fliers, Susanne La Fleur, Andries Kalsbeek
Bilateral thermal SCN lesions were made in rats weighing 180–210 g (n = 91). Rats were anaesthetized with Hypnorm (0.8 ml/kg i.m.) and Dormicum (0.3 ml/kg s.c.), and mounted in a stereotact (David Kopf Instruments, Tujunga, CA), with the toothbar set at 5 mm. After identification of the Bregma, electrodes were introduced bilaterally through a drilled hole in the skull, using the following coordinates: 1.4 mm rostral to Bregma, 1.0 mm lateral to midline, 8.3 mm below the brain surface, at an angle of 6°. The electrode diameter was 0.2 mm and a temperature of 85°C was generated for 1 min (Lesion generator RFG4A by Radionics, Burlington, MA). This temperature was found empirically to result in lesions big enough to eliminate the SCN, yet small enough to leave tissue surrounding the SCN, such as the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), intact, as described and illustrated previously (Kalsbeek et al. 1992, 2000, 2001; La Fleur et al. 1999; Palm et al. 1999). Sham animals underwent the same procedure, but no current was passed through the electrodes.
Prader-Willi syndrome and Angelman syndrome: Visualisation of the molecular pathways for two chromosomal disorders
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2019
Friederike Ehrhart, Kelly J. M. Janssen, Susan L. Coort, Chris T. Evelo, Leopold M. G. Curfs
If MAGEL2 and NDN are lost, most of the problems that arise involve the development of neurons (Figure 4). Although it is not exactly defined in what way components or functions of the neurons are disturbed, the defective development itself does make sense. PWS patients tend to have aggressive behaviour, obsessive–compulsive characteristics, and psychiatric problems (Cassidy and Schwartz 1998; Swaab 2003). On top of that they also often exhibit mild cognitive impairment and a delay in motor and language development. These symptoms are most likely caused by defects in the hypothalamus, but how they emerge remains unclear (Cassidy and Schwartz 1998; Myers et al. 2000; Swaab 2003). Hyperphagia is also believed to originate from a defect in the hypothalamus. A study on PWS patients has pointed out the paraventricular nucleus as a possible control centre for food intake and body weight. Although the exact mechanism remains unclear, the volume of the oxytocin-secreting paraventricular nucleus cells was severely reduced, suggesting that the problem might lie there (Swaab 2003).