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Head and Neck
Published in Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno, Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology, 2018
Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno
The hard palate forms the anterior two-thirds of the palate, whereas the soft palate forms the posterior one-third (Plate 3.36). As explained in detail in Section 3.2, the hard palate is made up of the horizontal plate of the palatine bone and the palatine process of the maxilla. The hard palate is pierced by several foramina: the incisive foramen, greater palatine foramen, and lesser palatine foramen. The soft palate includes the palatine glands and muscles such as the musculus uvulae, levator veli palatini, and the aponeurosis of the tensor veli palatini. When one removes the pharyngeal mucosa (see Section 3.5.8), one can then see the palatopharyngeus muscle running from the hard palate and palatine aponeurosis to the thyroid cartilage and pharyngeal wall. The palatopharyngeus is innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X), elevates the larynx during swallowing, and forms part of the longitudinal layer of the pharynx together with the salpingopharyngeus, and the stylopharyngeus. The salpingopharyngeus is also innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X) and runs from the cartilage of the auditory tube and blends with the palatopharyngeus to attach distally onto the thyroid cartilage and pharyngeal wall, thus also contributing to the elevation of the larynx during swallowing. The levator veli palatini is also innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X), and runs from the cartilage of the auditory tube and adjacent temporal bone to the palatine aponeurosis of the soft palate, thus being able to elevate the soft palate. The palatoglossus is also innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X); and contrary to what its name indicates, is not a true tongue (and thus hypobranchial) muscle (see Section 3.4). It runs from the palatine aponeurosis to the lateral side of the tongue, and thus elevates the tongue and depresses the soft palate. The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus (see Section 3.4) and provides sensory innervation to the mucosa of the posterior one-third of the tongue and the posterior wall of the pharynx. The tensor veli palatini (which originates from the scaphoid fossa) is not a pharyngeal muscle in the sense that it is instead a 1st arch (mandibular) muscle that is accordingly innervated by the trigeminal nerve (CN V). Therefore, it makes sense that this muscle is more superficial (lateral) than true pharyngeal muscles such as the levator veli palatini. The tensor veli palatini originates from the scaphoid fossa of the sphenoid bone and runs vertically between the pterygoid plates. Its tendon wraps around the hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate to spread out in a horizontal plane as the palatine aponeurosis and merges with the fibers from the contralateral side. When contracted, it tenses the soft palate. During swallowing, the tensor veli palatini and the levator veli palatini contract together to seal the soft palate against the posterior pharyngeal wall and prevent food and liquids from entering the nasal pharynx.
Biomechanical Characterization of a New Acellular Dermal Matrix for Oral Soft Tissue Regeneration
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Andreas Pabst, Keyvan Sagheb, Sebastian Blatt, Kawe Sagheb, Saskia Schröger, Stefan Wentaschek, Sven Schumann
SEM demonstrated the characteristic architectural features of ASG and ADM tear-off edges after tensile strength measurement in detail (Figure 7). ASG (Figure 7a) showed a tear-off edge with palatine glands (PG), connective tissue (CT) and surface epithelium (SE). NM (Figure 7b) is characterized by densely packed collagen fibers without a compact surface layer. After tensile strength measurement, collagen fibers (CF) are corkscrew-like convoluted at the tear-off edge. MD (Figure 7c) is characterized by a compact surface layer (S) on the upper surface of the matrix and an underlying spongious layer with densely packed collagen fibers (CF). After tensile strength measurement, MD demonstrated a clear tear-off edge at the surface layer and densely packed collagen fibers. No corkscrew-like convolution was illustrated compared to NM.