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Kidney Stones
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Kidney stones, also known as nephrolithiasis or renal lithiasis, are deposits of minerals and salts that form inside the kidney. According to current estimates, kidney stones will develop in one out of ten people during their lifetime. The prevalence is highest among those aged 30-45 years. Once kidney stones develop, patients have a 50%-75% likelihood of developing another stone. When there is too much waste in too little liquid, waste material can come out of solution and form crystals. The crystals attract other elements that join together and harden to form a solid stone. The stone or stones tend to get larger unless passed out of the body in the urine.
Urinary Tract Disease
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Nephrolithiasis is also called renal calculi or stones. The reported incidence of renal stone disease in the pregnant population varies widely, with rates of hospitalization ranging from 0.03–0.8% [62]. Up to 12% of the general population has had a urinary stone during their lifetime, with recurrence rates approaching 50%. Given the low incidence, it is unclear if the occurrence of nephrolithiasis is or is not increased in pregnancy, with some authors reporting an incidence as high as 1/200.
Urinary system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Plain radiograph of the abdomen: although not commonly performed in patients with suspected renal disease, a plain radiograph can be carried out to demonstrate opacities in the kidneys, ureters and bladder and is routinely performed prior to IV urography. Plain radiography is also useful among patients presenting with nephrolithiasis. A radiograph can identify calcium-containing, cysteine, and struvite stones but will miss radiolucent uric acid stones and can also miss small radio-opaque or stones overlying bony structures. In these cases a multidetector CT (MDCT) scan would be the imaging modality of choice.
Analysis of the urinary metabolic profiles in irradiated rats treated with Activated Protein C (APC), a potential mitigator of radiation toxicity
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Shivani Bansal, Sunil Bansal, Brian L. Fish, Yaoxiang Li, Xiao Xu, Jose A. Fernandez, John H. Griffin, Heather A. Himburg, Marjan Boerma, Meetha Medhora, Amrita K. Cheema
The prominent upregulation of shikimic acid pathway indicate IR-induced intestinal injury resulting in disturbances across related physiological events (Sun et al. 2020). Following metabolism by the disrupted gut microbiota, higher urinary levels of phenylacetylglutamine are suggestive of kidney dysfunction (Barrios et al. 2015). Perturbations in the oxalate and glyoxylate metabolism could also cause hyperoxaluria, a condition with elevated urinary levels of oxalate causing the buildup of calcium oxalate in the urine, and thus the eventual formation of kidney stones, a key cause of nephrolithiasis (Holmgren et al. 1978; Bhasin et al. 2015). Kidney malfunction due to late radiation effects is known characteristic of WAG/RijCmcr rat model post 90 days of IR exposure (Moulder and Fish 1997; Moulder 2014; Fish et al. 2016).
Kidney stone proteomics: an update and perspectives
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
Paleerath Peerapen, Visith Thongboonkerd
Kidney stone disease (alternatively, nephrolithiasis, or urolithiasis) is caused by the deposition of solid mass composed mainly of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals within the kidney or urinary tract. It remains a healthcare burden in several countries around globe with the increasing prevalence and incidence [1–4]. The additional main problem of this disease is its high recurrence rate after calculi removal [5]. Several previous studies had thus attempted to address pathophysiologic mechanisms of this disease aiming for improvement of the treatment and prevention. Urine and renal calculi were the important specimens for studying compositions and their relevant pathologic and etiologic roles in kidney stone disease [6,7]. Some molecules, either small chemical compounds or macromolecules (i.e. protein, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)), had been identified in the urine and stone matrices and thought to be involved in the stone formation processes [6,7]. Several in vitro cellular studies using various cell lines had been performed to explore the underlying cellular mechanisms [8,9]. Additionally, the in vitro crystal assays had been introduced to further define the crystal modulatory activities of those molecules that might be associated with kidney stone formation [10–13]. However, the scale and scope of those earlier studies had been limited only to a small number of particular compounds or molecules of interest with some prior information.
Photothermal nanoparticles for ablation of bacteria associated with kidney stones
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2021
Ilan Klein, Santu Sarkar, Jorge Gutierrez-Aceves, Nicole Levi
Nephrolithiasis is a common condition affecting up to 10.6% of the population in the USA, with annual healthcare costs exceeding $5 billion [1,2]. The high economic and healthcare burden is further increased by complications of nephrolithiasis including hydronephrosis, decline in kidney function, chronic pain, and infections. Kidney stone-associated infections are a significant challenge to treat, as antibiotic penetration and concentration in the urinary tract is relatively poor compared to other body compartments. Previous research has shown that bacteria may be associated with kidney stones, possibly leading to the development of biofilms on the stone surface [3]. Such microbial biofilms are challenging to eradicate and exhibit a dramatically decreased susceptibility to antimicrobial agents [3–5]. Disruption of biofilms can lead to urosepsis, which is the most frequent complication associated with ureteroscopy (URS) and percutaneous kidney stone surgery, with reported rates of up to 7.6 and 16% of procedures, respectively [6,7]. With the latter, those with infectious complication were more likely to have a positive intraoperative stone culture [6].