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Axial Spondyloarthritis
Published in Jason Liebowitz, Philip Seo, David Hellmann, Michael Zeide, Clinical Innovation in Rheumatology, 2023
PET provides in vivo imaging of metabolic pathways. In PET imaging, a radiolabeled tracer is given to the patient. This tracer is then incorporated into target tissue by normal metabolic pathways. Finally, either CT or MRI sequences are used to obtain cross-sectional imaging and localize areas of tracer uptake. Typical PET sequences utilize 5-FDG, a radiolabeled glucose taken up by metabolically active cells, allowing visualization and localization of these cells. This technology, however, may be broadly adapted to use numerous substrates and holds appeal in visualizing specific metabolic processes.
Nutrition and Metabolic Factors
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
Fat is present in all human cells and the physiological functions are quite diverse, ranging from their use as energy substrates, physiological structures (e.g., cell membranes and myelin sheath of nerve cells), vitamin transporters, and their role in the production of cholesterol and associated steroids. Fat (lipid) serves as the largest energy store that is readily available for biological work and may consist of approximately 35–45% of the total daily caloric intake within the Western diet (101). While fat is involved in a variety of metabolic processes within the human body, it has been associated with disease states including cardiovascular disease and some types of cancer.
Brain Health
Published in Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau, Beyond Menopause, 2023
Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau
Diet mediates risk of dementia through indirect yet very effective pathways. Diets rich in vegetables, berries, nuts, fish, lean proteins, and healthy fats improve virtually all metabolic processes. This in turn reduces the risk of cerebrovascular disease, which is a driver of vascular dementia and a risk factor for Alzheimer disease.
The role of autophagy in acute myeloid leukemia development
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2023
Martyna Bednarczyk, Karolina Kociszewska, Olga Grosicka, Sebastian Grosicki
Autophagy is a catabolic and highly conservative self-digestion mechanism responsible for removing long-term damaged proteins and organelles as well as biosynthetic distorted proteins. Moreover, autophagy is involved in the regulation of various cell functions including growth, differentiation and death of cells. It also takes part in the maintenance of energy levels, protein synthesis, as well as important metabolic processes. It also plays an important role in responding to stressful conditions such as nutrient deficiency, damaged organelles, and is therefore involved in numerous diseases, largely cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, many studies show that it acts as a survival mechanism for cells under unfavorable conditions [11,14–17]. Under normal circumstances autophagy occurs at a relatively low level, however, as a result of certain events, it may be stimulated to more rapid progression [18]. Based on studies carried out so far, it had been found that the main goal of autophagy is to maintain cell homeostasis, which maintains the balance between the produced and degraded cell components [19].
Toxicity and sublethal effects of plant essential oils on life history and detoxification enzymes activity of two-spotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Parvash Piramoon, Ali Mohammadzadeh, Mozhgan Mohammadzadeh, Mahdieh Behzadi, Azita Dehghan, Mohammad Mohammadzadeh, Nahid Rastakhiz
Resistance in invertebrate populations such as TSSM is related to both reduced target-site sensitivity and increased detoxification (Nansen et al.2016, Li et al.2017, Adesanya et al.2018). The main detoxification enzyme families involved in the resistance processes are cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (MFOs), glutathione-S-transferases (GST), and esterases (E) (Roy et al.2018). These detoxification enzymes can be grouped generally into two metabolic processes. These enzymes sometimes allow invertebrates to overcome pesticides and other toxicants (Yu 2008, Della Vechia et al.2021). For example, Stumpf and Nauen (2002) found a significantly higher activity of MFO and GST in an abamectin-resistant strain of TSSM. Therefore, knowledge concerning the resistance mechanisms of TSSM to acaricides including changes in detoxification enzymes activity can play a crucial role in designing strategies to avoid cross-resistance of this pest.
Establishing prognostic significance of hypoxia predictors in patients with acute cerebral pathology
Published in Neurological Research, 2022
Zhanslu Sarkulova, Ainur Tokshilykova, Alima Khamidulla, Aigul Utepkaliyeva, Dinmukhamed Ayaganov, Marat Sarkulov, Tomas Tamosuitis
As some researchers have pointed out [15], the pathophysiological disorders associated with brain injuries are accompanied by various stages of secondary damage, which are also observed in stroke. Secondary injuries resulting from ischemia and hypoxia of the brain initiate a number of pathogenetic vicious circles that result in the accumulation of non-oxidized products in the brain tissue and acidosis. The consequent metabolic processes are typically catabolic [16]. Although glycolysis is initiated, under hypoxic conditions, the tricarboxylic acid cycle is ineffective; thus, the lactate content in the blood increases [17]. A sharp increase in the lactate level in the blood is a constant predictor of brain ischemia and can objectively indicate the degree of hypoxia, especially during the acute period [18]. Lactate is the main metabolic intermediary in the delivery of a cerebral energy substrate under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions [19].