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Adipose Tissue (Adipokinome), Skeletal Muscle (Myokinome), and Liver (Hepatokinome) as Endocrine Regulators During Exercise
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Logan K. Townsend, Greg L. McKie, Hesham Shamshoum, David C. Wright
Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) is a transcriptional co-activator and master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. PGC-1α is robustly induced with exercise and has been shown to increase the expression of fibronectin domain–containing protein 5 (FNDC5), the cleavage of which results in the production of a reputed myokine called irisin, which has been thought to drive exercise-mediated changes in adipose tissue metabolism such as “browning” (10). Browning is a process by which white adipocytes acquire features that are characteristic of brown adipocytes, such as the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Though not a universal finding, the browning of white adipose tissue has been thought to increase whole-body energy expenditure. While the discovery of irisin has received considerable attention, numerous studies examining irisin thereafter revealed inconsistent results, especially with respect to the circulating levels of irisin post-exercise (10, 28, 54, 57).
Lifestyle Factors in Cancer Survivorship
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Irisin is a type I trans-membrane messenger protein, which is produced in muscle cells in response to exercise. One study reported that higher levels were linked to more favorable breast cancer prognostic risk at diagnosis. In laboratory studies, irisin significantly reduced cancer cell proliferation, migration, and viability in malignant cancer cell lines without affecting non-malignant cells. In another, irisin enhanced the cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin when added to malignant breast cells, which again was not observed in non-malignant cells. This reduction in malignant potential of irisin, however, was not observed with colon, thyroid, and esophageal cancer cell lines. Furthermore, reports questioned the existence of circulating human irisin, as it was felt that human irisin antibodies used in commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits lacked the required specificity. However, a recent experiment used mass spectrometry to compare irisin levels between sedentary participants and those following aerobic interval training and found a significant difference.
Lifestyle Factors in Cancer Survivorship
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2014
Other pathways through which exercise may impact survival from cancer include the modulation of immunity, such as improvements in NK cell cytolytic activity225 and the modulation of apoptotic pathways through a influence on the key regulator, p53.226 An exciting recent discovery is the messenger protein irisin, which is produced in muscle cells in response to exercise and is found is to be an important molecule in linking exercise to health benefits,227 though more work needs to be done to establish the pathways affected by this molecule.
Does irisin has neuroprotective effect against diabetes induced neuropathy in male rats?
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Ömer Faruk Kalkan, Osman Aktaş, Yunus Emre Sürmeneli, Ahmet Alver, Mete Özcan, Zafer Şahin
During physical exercise, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha expression occurs in skeletal muscle and it induces secretion of many different molecules from this tissue and fibronectin type III domain containing 5 is one of them. It is a precursor of irisin which is named as ‘exercise hormone’ (Chan and Arany 2014, Lourenco et al.2019). Recently discovered myokine irisin is secreted by myocytes that plays important roles in beneficial effects of exercise. Predominantly studies emphasise that among the others, irisin has major regulator effects on glucose homeostasis, cardiac physiology and fat metabolism (Perakakis et al.2017). In addition to these studies, evidence shows that irisin has potential neuroprotective effects both in vivo and in vitro experiments (Li et al.2017, Wang et al.2018). Early studies emphasise that high-intensity exercise causes greater irisin response compared with low-intensity exercise under similar energy consumption (Tsuchiya et al.2014). Abnormal neuronal calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis is also a major pathophysiological process of neuropathic pain. This impaired Ca2+ regulation in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons allowing alteration in nociceptive signalling from the peripheral pain pathways (Fernyhough and Calcutt 2010). However, the relationship between recovery from neurodegenerative conditions, Ca2+ homeostasis and exercise are not well understood yet.
The modulatory effects of irisin on asprosin, leptin, glucose levels and lipid profile in healthy and obese male and female rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Sibel Ozcan, Nazife Ulker, Ozgur Bulmus, Ahmet Yardimci, Mete Ozcan, Sinan Canpolat
İrisin was identified by Boström et al. (2012). Irisin, which belongs to the class of adipomyokines, is one of the most important exercise-induced peptides in recent years. Irisin is encoded by fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) gene, and includes 112 amino acids participating in attributed to exercise and muscle contraction (Boström et al.2012, Hecksteden et al.2013). Irisin may have an important role in the regulation of thermogenesis, total body energy expenditure and glucose homeostasis (Moreno-Navarrete 2013). It increases glucose uptake and glycogenolysis whereas it reduces lipid accumulation, adipogenesis and gluconeogenesis (Liu 2015, Xiong et al.2015). Circulating irisin correlates with fasting glucose, body mass index (BMI) and total cholesterol (Huh et al.2012). Also irisin decreases insulin resistance associated with diabetes (Moreno-Navarrete et al.2013).
Maternal serum irisin levels in normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Kumar Vivek, Balachandar Thangappazham, Alekya Vykunta, Paresh P. Kulkarni, Faustino R. Pérez-López, Seshadri Reddy Varikasuvu
A total of 59 articles were primarily identified for abstract and full-text review. A total of 12 articles were considered for further review. Of these, a total of eight articles leading to a total of 14 observations were included in this meta-analysis of irisin levels in preeclampsia [14–21]. Though all the studies are published peer-reviewed items, one is in abstract form having all the relevant information [17] and the other is a Turkish language thesis that has been English-translated for data extraction [20]. The PRISMA flow diagram for this meta-analysis is shown in Figure 1. The detailed characteristics of the included studies and the NOS quality scores are presented in Supplementary Table 1. With the obtained score range from 6 to 8, the overall quality of studies was medium to high. The inclusion criteria of preeclampsia have been defined as de novo hypertension (>140/90 mm Hg) and proteinuria (>0.3 g per 24 h) after 20 weeks of gestation [22], whereas the control subjects were defined as normal and healthy pregnant women. The exclusion criteria applied in the individual studies are presented in Table 1. All the studies have reported serum irisin measurements using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methodology. While all the studies reported irisin levels in ng/mL, one study reported in µg/L concentrations [14].