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Insulin and Brain Reward Systems
Published in André Kleinridders, Physiological Consequences of Brain Insulin Action, 2023
Brian C. Liu, Qingchen Zhang, Emmanuel N. Pothos
Several investigators and clinical scientists have argued that eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or binge eating disorder, are part of the addictive disorder spectrum (158–161). Studies have also demonstrated increased insulin sensitivity in individuals with anorexia nervosa (162). On the other hand, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder were associated with decreased insulin sensitivity (163). In patients with eating disorders, the insulin response to food was diminished as well (162). Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are also common complications seen in patients with Type I diabetes (164). Furthermore, women with type I diabetes may have up to 2.4 times an increased risk of developing an eating disorder compared to women of the same age without diabetes (165). These results point to insulin as an important modulator in the development of eating disorders and may be an important clinical target for the treatment of eating disorders. Nonetheless, further research on the mechanisms in which insulin is involved in eating disorders is still necessary.
Molecular sport nutrition
Published in Adam P. Sharples, James P. Morton, Henning Wackerhage, Molecular Exercise Physiology, 2022
Mark Hearris, Nathan Hodson, Javier Gonzalez, James P. Morton
At rest, muscle glucose uptake is mainly responding to food intake (and the insulin response to food intake). During exercise, however, muscle contraction is the key stimulus for increasing muscle glucose uptake. During exercise, the source of glucose for muscle comes from the breakdown of liver glycogen and/or from CHO consumed during exercise. Because muscle glycogen stores can become depleted after 2–3 hours of exercise, athletes are often advised to consume CHO during exercise at a rate of 30–90 g/h dependent on the exercise intensity and intended duration. Consumption of CHO during exercise improves the ability to sustain an exercise intensity (exercise capacity) and exercise performance via mechanisms related to preventing liver glycogen depletion, and maintaining blood glucose levels and whole body CHO oxidation.
Tropical Herbs and Spices as Functional Foods with Antidiabetic Activities
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Arijit Nath, Rasul Hafiz Ansar Suleria, Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 2021
Arnia Sari Mukaromah, Fitria Susilowati
Diabetes has been dramatically rising during 1980 till date. According to WHO, 422 million adults suffer from type-2 diabetes. The common sign of diabetes is indicated by enhancing of blood glucose level and abnormality of glucose metabolism [109]. Diabetes is classified as: Type-1 Diabetes: It referred to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(IDDM) and appears in the early human life and symptoms are quickly detected. Patients with Type-1 diabetes loose ability to produce adequate insulin because of the destruction of pancreatic (3-cells. Diabetic therapy is required to maintain blood glucose level. The preliminary therapies are control of dietary intake and insulin therapy.Type-2 Diabetes: It is referred to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), which arises slowly in older and obese individuals with exhibited unrecognized symptoms. In this case, insulin is produced from the pancreatic islets but several features of the insulin-response system are failed. Characteristics in a type-2 diabetic patients are: (a)inability to uptake of glucose in an efficient way from the blood, (b) incomplete fatty acid oxidation in the liver, (c) accumulation of acetyl co-A, (d) overproduction of ketone bodies, acetoacetate, and (3-hydroxybutyrate in the blood, (e) lowering blood pH, and (f) insulin resistance in type-2 diabetes.
Assessment of antidiabetic potential of Musa acuminata peel extract and its fractions in experimental animals and characterisation of its bioactive compounds by HPTLC
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Navghare Vijay, Dhawale Shashikant, Phanse Mohini
The possible mechanism of action of antidiabetic effects of extract and fractions of Musa acuminata peels might include its insulinogenic effects. As insulin is the main regulator of glycogenesis in muscle and liver; insulin deficiency in DM leads to decrease in the hepatic and skeletal muscle glycogen content (William and Goldberg 1967). Estimation of liver glycogen is considered as the one of the marker for assessing the antihyperglycemic effect of any drug (Ahmed et al.2012). In the current findings, the liver glycogen content in diabetic animals treated with EMA-400 was significantly increased. This effect might be due to improvement in glycogenesis and/or reduction in glycogenolysis in the liver (Ramkumar et al.2011). Increased glycogen content may be due to increased insulin response which enhances the formation of the active form of glycogen synthase from inactive form and thereby promotes the formation of glycogen from blood glucose. Dietary fibres prepared from unripe banana, reduces fasting glucose level and increase glycogen content (The Wealth of India 2003).
Concurrent low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet with/without physical activity does not improve glycaemic control in type 2 diabetics
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2021
Gerrit J Breukelman, Albertus K Basson, Trayana G Djarova, Cornelia J Du Preez, Ina Shaw, Heidi Malan, Brandon S Shaw
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a global health problem of pandemic proportions and currently affects more than 171 million people.1 Those with the condition are characterised as being insulin resistant with an inadequate insulin response to maintain a normal concentration of glucose in the blood.2 It is estimated that type 2 diabetes mellitus accounts for 90–95% of all diabetic conditions.3 Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels in the body and controls glucose entry into the body’s tissue cells.4 Following a meal, blood glucose levels rise while insulin activates an intracellular signal, leading to the translocation of glucose from intracellular compartments to the cell surface. This then, in turn, results in glucose uptake and normalisation of the blood glucose levels5 due to a glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), a protein that is found primarily in adipose tissue and striated muscle.6 In type 2 diabetics, when an individual’s blood glucose levels are high, GLUT4 is released in a non-stimulated state, which prevents the protein from reaching the surface of the cells and affects the transport of glucose into muscle and fat cells. This causes glucose to remain in a state that cannot be used by the body for energy and other processes.5
Effect of omalizumab use on glucose homeostasis in non-diabetic patients with chronic urticaria
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Tugba Falay Gur, Sevil Savas Erdogan, Vefa Aslı Erdemir, Bilal Doğan
In this study, in addition to the development of impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, some patients without pre-treatment metabolic syndrome developed this condition after omalizumab treatment. This can be explained by an increase in the insulin resistance of these style patients. Furthermore, we found that the increase in fasting blood glucose levels was higher in patients with a large waist circumference, those with a higher BMI and female patients. This may be because in patients with the criteria of metabolic syndrome, the glycaemic control is more difficult compared to those without these criteria. Since there is a tendency for insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome, sufficient insulin response may not occur to increase blood sugar. This situation explains that there is no change in insulin resistance although blood sugar increases after treatment when patients with metabolic syndrome are excluded at the beginning.