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Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors
Published in Mark C Houston, The Truth About Heart Disease, 2023
A fasting blood sugar (FBS) of >75 mg/dL increases CHD by 1% for each 1 mg/dL increase in FBS and induces endothelial dysfunction. The current upper limit of blood sugar by most labs is 100 mg/dL which is too high. A two-hour glucose tolerance test (GTT) >110 mg/dL increases CHD by 2% for each 1 mg/dL >110 mg/dL. The current definition of an abnormal two-hour GTT is >140 mg/dL, which is too high and not accurate. High levels of blood insulin (hyperinsulinemia) are an independent risk factor for CHD. Calculating a Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) score will provide additional insight into the clinical presence of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Multiplying the FBS by the fasting insulin level and dividing by 405 will give an excellent estimate of insulin resistance by the HOMA-IR. A normal HOMA-IR is <1.0, mild insulin resistance is 1.0–2.0, and diabetes mellitus is over 2.0. Diabetes mellitus is defined as three FBS in three separate blood samples over 125 mg/dL and a hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) over 7%. The HbA1C is composed of the post-meal blood glucose (2/3) and fasting glucose (1/3). In men and women without DM between 50 and 75 years of age, HbA1C is an independent risk for CHD as a continuous variable starting with HbA1C as low as 5.1%. For each increase of HbA1C of 1% the risk for CHD increases by 40% in men and 240% in women.
L-Arginine and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Adjuvant Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease
Published in Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton, Flaxseed, 2023
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton
The aim of a clinical trial published in the Chinese Journal of Internal Medicine (Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi) was to determine the relationship between serum omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (omega-3 PUFA) levels and insulin resistance (IR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and NAFLD. The trial was conducted on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with NAFLD (Group 4), patients with type 2 diabetes alone (Group 3), patients with only NAFLD (Group 2) and healthy control participants (Group 1). Serum omega-3 PUFA profile was analyzed with capillary gas chromatography. Insulin resistance was assessed by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). ALT, AST, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and serum lipids were measured.
Brain Insulin Action in the Control of Metabolism in Humans
Published in André Kleinridders, Physiological Consequences of Brain Insulin Action, 2023
In humans, several methods are established to study peripheral insulin action or insulin secretion in a clinical and experimental setting. These include the oral and the intravenous (iv) glucose tolerance tests, hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemic glucose clamps, as well as continuous iv insulin infusion during euglycemic hyperinsulinemic glucose clamps. The latter is considered the gold standard for measuring whole-body insulin sensitivity or resistance and is primarily used for research purposes due to its limited clinical applicability. Alternatively, it is possible to derive several clinically meaningful surrogates of insulin sensitivity from fasting glucose and insulin or C-peptide levels (e.g. the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (20)) or in their concentrations in response to an oral glucose challenge (6). These surrogate measures of insulin sensitivity are markers of peripheral or whole-body insulin sensitivity. With these methods, insulin effects are not limited to the brain, but occur in most tissues throughout the body.
Crassocephalum rubens (Juss. Ex Jacq.) S. Moore improves pancreatic histology, insulin secretion, liver and kidney functions and ameliorates oxidative stress in fructose-streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Olajumoke A. Oyebode, Ochuko L. Erukainure, Olakunle Sanni, Md.Shahidul Islam
Maintaining glucose homeostasis is very important in T2D in order to reduce any risk of micro or macro-vascular complications (Chawla et al. 2016). Treatment with CRAQ showed promising improvement in glucose tolerance abilities of the plant (Figure 2(b)) especially at the high dose of 300 mg/kg bw. This activity might be due to lower insulin resistance and increased insulin secretion that would induce glucose uptake by the peripheral tissues. In addition, the high dose of the extract reduced HOMA-IR index (for insulin resistance), and also improved the HOMA-β (for β-cell function) score (Table 3 and Figure 3). Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) is a technique used for estimating insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting blood glucose levels and insulin concentration (Wallace et al. 2004). Plants that reduce HOMA-IR scores have been reported to contain potent antidiabetic activities (Vianna et al. 2011). The reduced fructosamine level in the CRAQ-treated groups also portrays an antidiabetic effect of the extract (Table 3). Fructosamine is a marker of glucose control showing average serum glycaemic level, in some cases it is regarded as more efficient in detecting early response to treatment (Nansseu et al. 2015).
Determination of Neurodegeneration in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome with Retinal Segmentation Analysis
Published in Current Eye Research, 2021
Ender Sirakaya, Hatice Aslan Sirakaya, Esra Vural, Zeynep Duru, Hüseyin Aksoy
Before the ophthalmic examination, all potential participants were examined by an internist for systemic disorders included in the exclusion criteria. A blood sample for each participant was collected from her antecubital vein to analyze glycosylated hemoglobin level, fasting blood glucose level, fasting insulin level, and blood lipid profile; all samples were taken in the morning after participants had fasted for at least 8 h. Homeostasis model assessment was calculated as described by Matthews et al. according to the following formula “fasting insulin (mU/mL) × fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)/405”.18 All participants with polycystic ovary syndrome were screened for the presence of diabetes mellitus, and ones with a fasting blood glucose level of ≥126 mg/dL, glycosylated hemoglobin level of ≥6.5%, or 2-h plasma glucose level of ≥200 mg/dL in an oral glucose tolerance test were excluded from the sample.19 Each participant’s office blood pressure was also measured during the ophthalmological examination.
Childbearing age is correlated with components of metabolic syndrome and parameters of insulin resistance in Chinese menopausal women
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2021
Danping Zhu, Fang Fang, Xia Zhang, Rui Han, Fang Liu, Hang Wang
Each subject received 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Blood samples were collected in the morning after an overnight fast of ≥8 h. Plasma samples were obtained by centrifugation at 4 °C and kept at −80 °C. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-h plasma glucose (2hPG) were assayed by a glucose oxidase method. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured using high performance liquid chromatography (VARIANT™ II and D-10™ Systems, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). The levels of TG, total cholesterol (TC), HDL-c, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) were measured using an ARCHITECT c16000 biochemical autoanalyzer (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL). Fasting insulin (FINS) was measured by an ARCHITECT i2000SR autoanalyzer (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL). The homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) of IR was computed as: HOMA-IR = FINS (mU/L)×FPG (mmol/L)/22.5.