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Tropical Herbs and Spices as Functional Foods with Antidiabetic Activities
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Arijit Nath, Rasul Hafiz Ansar Suleria, Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 2021
Arnia Sari Mukaromah, Fitria Susilowati
Diabetes is one of the main metabolic disorders of the endocrine system, which is usually attributed by increasing blood sugar levels [109]. According to the WHO report, 1.6 million deaths in 2016 were due to diabetes. International Diabetes Federation Atlas (IDFA) indicated that approximately, about 8.8% of adults (20-79 years) were living with diabetes in 2017 [40]. Traditional natural herbs have an important role to control diabetes.
The patient with acute endocrine problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
The hypothalamus, located in the diencephalon, is an important link between the nervous system and the endocrine system. It is involved in many of the normal physiological mechanisms that contribute to homeostasis, such as temperature control, thirst and hunger reflexes. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland, which, in its turn, regulates most of the other glands in the endocrine system. Figure 11.2 demonstrates the extensive influence of the hypothalamus, the anterior and posterior pituitary gland and their target organs.
Geriatric hair and scalp disorders
Published in Robert A. Norman, Geriatric Dermatology, 2020
Scalp, facial, pubic, axillary and body hair follicles in different regions are variably responsive to androgens, especially testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Pubic and axillary hair transforms from vellus to terminal hair in response to modest levels of testosterone. Facial and body hair growth requires the 5α-reduced product of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, for expression44. Androgenetic alopecia is the androgen-dependent miniaturization of scalp hair in genetically susceptible men and women. It involves long-term changes in follicular architecture and alterations of growth cycles. Paradoxically, androgenetic alopecia in both males and females results from a reversion of terminal hairs back to hairs smaller in caliber and shorter in length as a response to dihydrotestosterone. Hair follicles are not only capable of responding to androgens, but are capable of participating in the metabolism of androgens. This peripheral metabolism of hormones contributes significantly to the overall endocrine system.
Bone morphogenetic protein-9 maybe an important factor which improves insulin resistance in PCOS
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Xiaoying Yuan, Qi Huang, Jing Li, Qu Yao, Han Zhang, Qian Wang, Lin Zhang, Ying Zhang, Gangyi Yang, Ling Li, Xin Liao
PCOS was diagnosed according to the 2003 European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology of Rotterdam and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ESHRE/ASRM) diagnostic criteria, which stipulates that any two of the following 3 items are required for a diagnosis: (1) rare ovulation and/or anovulation; (2) clinical manifestations and/or hyperandrogenism; or (3) ultrasound detection of polycystic changes in the ovaries, i.e. ≥12 follicles of 2-9 mm in diameter in one or both ovaries and/or ovarian volume ≥10 mL. All patients were evaluated using the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp (EHC) technique; an M value (glucose metabolic rate) less than 6.286 mg/kg/min indicated IR, and an M value greater than or equal to 6.286 mg/kg/min indicated non-IR. Patients with other known endocrine system-related gonadal diseases (such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, an androgen-secreting tumor and Cushing’s syndrome) were excluded.
Mechanism of phthalate esters in the progression and development of breast cancer
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Mohd Mughees, Himanshu Chugh, Saima Wajid
Hormone induced breast cancer in females is not uncommon and the tendency of phthalates to work as endocrine disruptors put females at risk. Endocrine system is made up of multiple glandular organs that secrete hormones directly into bloodstream. Normal development of mammary gland involves endocrine signaling from hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (Macon and Fenton 2013). The endocrine disruptors are known to interfere in production, release, transport, binding, action and elimination of hormones which might further affect the development process in females (Macon and Fenton 2013). Diethylstilboestrol is a classic example of endocrine disruptor which has induced breast and cervical cancer in females (Brisken 2008). Endocrine disruptors might alter epithelial growth rate, stromal composition of gland, immune response, response to endogenous hormone, terminal end bud presence, inter-cell communication etc. (Macon and Fenton 2013). In addition, the disruption in development of breast at any of its development stage enhances the risk of breast cancer with other abnormalities (Macon and Fenton 2013).
Emerging drugs for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2022
Walid S Ayoub, Patricia D. Jones, Ju Dong Yang, Paul Martin
One hindering factor for the broader use of systemic therapy is its associated toxicity. The associated toxicity with checkpoint inhibitors may involve any organ or system in the body [50]. It most commonly involves the endocrine system, skin, gastrointestinal tract, and liver. For example, hepatotoxicity has been reported in 2%-10% of the patients treated with ipilimumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab monotherapy. The risk is even higher in combination therapy as hepatitis has been reported in 25%-30% of patients receiving a combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab therapies. Diarrhea has also been reported in up to 54% of patients with anti-CTLA-4 and <19% with anti-PD1 monotherapy. Inflammatory arthritis has been reported in up to 7% of the patients, and pneumonitis in up to 2.7% of patients on immunotherapy. VEGF inhibitors also carry concerning adverse effects. The use of bevacizumab can be associated with increased risk for GI bleeding and hypertensive emergencies in patients with large varices or uncontrolled arterial hypertension. Development of bevacizumab-free therapy can be advantageous for patients with uncontrolled hypertension and varices. The combinations of 2 immunotherapeutic agents such as nivolumab/ipilimumab or durvalumab/tremelimumab can have an advantage in such a setting. Development of future therapies with a better side effect profile will help in offering a safer therapy to a broader group of HCC patients.