China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Drugs Affecting the Gastrointestinal System
Published in Radhwan Nidal Al-Zidan, Drugs in Pregnancy, 2020
*Dibutyl phthalate is an inactive excipient in Asacol’s enteric coating. High doses of Dibutyl phthalate, given to pregnant rats was associated with increased incidences of developmental abnormalities in the offspring.
Hazard Characterization and Dose–Response Assessment
Published in Ted W. Simon, Environmental Risk Assessment, 2019
The difficulty in determining adversity can be illustrated by EPA’s IRIS database entry for the pesticide oxadiazon (https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/subst/0253_summary.pdf#nameddest=rfd). Rats were administered diets containing 0, 10, 100, 1000, or 3000 parts per million (ppm) oxadiazon. At a dietary concentration of 100 ppm, increased levels of serum proteins in 18% of females and increased liver weights in 31% of both sexes were observed, and these were chosen as the critical effect. The NOAEL was 10 ppm and the LOAEL was 100 ppm. At 1000 ppm, hepatotoxicity, hemolytic anemia, and kidney effects were observed. Were the serum protein changes and increase in liver weights in the minority of animals tested truly an adverse effect? Perhaps these represented an adaptive or compensatory response within the biological capacity of the animals. Certainly, hepatotoxicity and anemia are adverse. Perhaps these higher-dose effects would be more appropriately chosen as adverse rather than adaptive effects. Compare these effects with the critical effect of mortality chosen for dibutyl phthalate (https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/subst/0038_summary.pdf#nameddest=rfd). Which effect do you think is truly adverse?
The science of nail polish, nail polish remover, and nail moisturizers
Published in Archana Singal, Shekhar Neema, Piyush Kumar, Nail Disorders, 2019
Other reported adverse effects include onychodystrophy, onycholysis, and paronychia. Sometimes nail varnish, used as a barrier against nickel allergy, can itself lead to its sensitization.11 An uncommon but potentially serious adverse effect has been reported with dibutyl phthalate (used as a plasticizer) including decreased sperm mobility and viability15 and endocrine disruption leading to altered development of fetal testes.16
Fabrication of solid lipid nanoparticles-based patches of paroxetine and their ex-vivo permeation behaviour
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2023
Fahad Pervaiz, Ayesha Saba, Haya Yasin, Manal Buabeid, Sobia Noreen, Abida Kalsoom Khan, Ghulam Murtaza
Dibutyl-phthalate was used as a plasticizer, as it helps to soften the polymer matrix by diffusing it. It reduces the interactions between the polymer molecules like hydrogen bonding and also forms a bond with polymer molecules that helps in the film formation [23]. The effect of particle size on permeation was also analysed. The results showed that permeation increases with decreased particle size, i.e. the smaller the particle size, the higher the surface of particles, and more intimate their contact with corneocytes, thus a greater the penetration of the drug through stratum corneum [36]. When the effect of surfactant on permeation was analysed, it was observed that there was an increase in permeation of drug through the skin with an increase in surfactant to lipid ratio. Likely, the surfactant helps to loosen the lipid bilayers of the stratum corneum, thus enhancing drug penetration. Similar observations were explained in other studies [51].
The safety of phthalate-containing medications used during pregnancy
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2023
Amaan Ali, Jan Stener Jørgensen, Ronald F Lamont
Several large-scale studies have linked maternal phthalate exposure to PTB (birth before 37 completed weeks of gestation) [18–24]. In a prospective cohort study of 1090 pregnant women in Puerto Rico (the PROTECT cohort), a country that has one of the highest PTB rates worldwide, there was an elevated urinary concentration of phthalates compared to the average U.S.A. population [24]. The concentrations of urinary metabolites of di-n-butyl phthalate and di-isobutyl phthalate were positively associated with an increased incidence of PTB and a shorter gestation. This finding led the authors to conclude that environmental phthalate exposure may be driving the high rates of PTB in Puerto Rico. Another prospective cohort study of 3266 pregnant women (the Chinese Ma’anshan Birth Cohort) confirmed the findings from Puerto Rico, with a non-linear association between urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and overall PTB in a dose response relationship, with some phthalate metabolites being associated with early PTB (less than 33 completed weeks of gestation) [21].
Isolation and molecular characterization of spermatogonia from male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed in utero and postnatally to dibutyl phthalate or acrylamide
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2019
Nathália P. Souza, Lora L. Arnold, Karen L. Pennington, Merielen G. Nascimento e Pontes, Helio A. Miot, João Lauro V. de Camargo, Samuel M. Cohen
Phthalates represent one of the most produced chemical groups in the world (450 000 tons/year) and among other uses, they confer malleability, transparency, durability, and longevity to plastic products (Crinnion 2010). As they are not chemically bound, they can migrate into food and liquids or evaporate, and they have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Humans are continuously exposed to these compounds during their lifetime through oral, inhalation and dermal exposure particularly dibutyl phthalate (DBP), (Perez-Albaladejo et al. 2017). DBP has been reported to cross the human placenta and reach the fetus (Wittassek et al. 2009), and it is included in the ED group based on animal and in vitro studies (Lymperi and Giwercman 2018). Male rats exposed to high doses in utero to DBP often display Leydig cell hyperplasia, multinucleated germ cells, and alterations in androgen-mediated development, as evidenced by decreased anogenital distances (AGD), a sexually dimorphic landmark which can indicate altered fetal androgen exposure (Gallavan et al. 1999), and by the presence of male nipple retention, supporting the hypothesis that the testis may be vulnerable to the action of phthalates during development (Lee et al. 2004; Swan et al. 2005; Ivell et al. 2013).