China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Radiotherapy Physics
Published in Debbie Peet, Emma Chung, Practical Medical Physics, 2021
Andrea Wynn-Jones, Caroline Reddy, John Gittins, Philip Baker, Anna Mason, Greg Jolliffe
The radiotherapy process typically involves the patient attending for a planning CT scan, which performed in the same position as when the patient attends for treatment. The CT scan helps the Clinical Oncologist and dosimetrists define the area to be treated including marking anatomical structures that should be avoided to minimise treatment toxicity. The CT data, along with the structures marked on the scan can then subsequently be used to plan the treatment and calculate the dose distribution. However, the target delineation process is subject to intra- and inter-operator variability. Other imaging modalities can be used to provide additional information to aid the delineation process. MR scans can provide improved soft-tissue contrast, while functional imaging techniques such as PET can provide additional information relating to cell metabolism and other biological processes occurring within the tumour cells. For example, using appropriate radio-labelled substances, it is possible to identify areas of hypoxia or areas of increased cell proliferation. Such information can be used to modify the areas to be treated compared to targets defined solely on morphological CT data.
Natural Preservatives
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Enzymes are most often thought of as key components for enabling rapid and selective reactions needed for cell metabolism, energy generation, and reproduction. However, they can also play a key role in organism defense. While a number of hydrolytic (e.g., lysozyme, subtilisins) and oxidative (e.g., superoxide dismutase) enzymes have been shown to elicit antimicrobial activity either by direct enzymatic effect or through the products of their enzymatic reaction, relatively few enzymes systems have been commercialized for use in consumer products. Although they can be highly effective, their cost is relatively high and product/process must be tailored to maintain enzyme activity. In addition, their potential to elicit allergic reactions must be vetted as part of their application. To date, the cosmetic industry’s primary focus for enzymatic-based preservation has been on the lactoperoxidase/glucose oxidase system.
In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Syzygium calophyllifolium on A549 Lung Cancer Cells
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Phytomedicine, 2020
Rahul Chandran, Heidi Abrahamse
Mitochondria generate ATP as an energy molecule for their metabolic activities, and any damage to this organelle will result in the imbalanced ATP production and ATP-dependent mechanisms necessary for cell functions (Maurer and Meyer 2016). ATP is one of the indications of healthy cell metabolism, which can effectively be assessed using a luminescent quantification assay. As observed in the cell morphology, Figure 26.2 expresses higher cellular metabolism in the control group, with the least ATP in 20 µg/mL of the SCBM extract. A significant reduction in the cell proliferation was observed in a dose-dependent manner (5, 10, and 20 µg/mL) as compared to the control. As the concentration of the extract was increased, the ATP levels were also decreased. The results of the present study support the findings previously reported by one of the authors (Chandran) in breast cancer (MCF-7) cells (Chandran et al. 2018).
Culturing human pluripotent stem cells for regenerative medicine
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2023
Hiroki Ozawa, Takuya Matsumoto, Masato Nakagawa
Here, we present a discussion with a specific focus on cell metabolism. While much research on refining differentiation methods has concentrated on functional components such as growth factors, cytokines, and small-molecule compounds, recent attention has also been given to the nutritional aspect of the culture medium. Since each cell type has distinctive metabolic characteristics that maintain its tissue function, an in-depth analysis of cellular metabolism enables the reproduction of the culture conditions of each cell type to more closely replicate the tissue functions observed in vivo [90]. This information can be utilized to establish optimal expansion and differentiation culture protocols, especially for PSCs in a unique metabolic state. Purity can be enhanced by taking advantage of the metabolic distinctions between undifferentiated and differentiated cells [91]. One example of a cardiomyocyte differentiation protocol involves removing glucose and glutamine from the culture medium and adding lactate, an initiator metabolite of the mitochondrial TCA cycle. This change in the culture medium can help eliminate undifferentiated cells, facilitate the differentiation of cardiomyocytes, and promote metabolic maturation. This approach has led to the successful purification and culture of cardiomyocytes on a large scale [92,93].
Volatile organic compounds from exhaled breath in schizophrenia
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2022
Carina Jiang, Henrik Dobrowolny, Dorothee Maria Gescher, Gabriela Meyer-Lotz, Johann Steiner, Christoph Hoeschen, Thomas Frodl
The other mass signature reduced in schizophrenia and most relevant for the formula was m/z 90 which might be traced back to esters of butyric acid. Butyric acid is a short-chain fatty acid that is produced from the gut microbiota and can cross the blood–brain barrier. It plays an important role in oxidative generation of ATP, supplies anabolic pathways (gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis) and contributes to the regulation of cell metabolism by triggering signalling pathways (Bourassa et al. 2016). Studies suggested that butyric acid may have neuroprotective effects and might play a role in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and Parkinson disease (Sharma et al. 2015). A change of butyric acid is also in line with the dysregulation in the composition of the gut microbiota that has been shown previously in schizophrenia (Sherwin et al. 2016). An association between reduction of PANSS positive symptoms and increase in serum levels of butyric acid after 24-week treatment has been found in schizophrenia (Li et al. 2021).
COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: manifestations, pathophysiology, vaccination, and long-term implication
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2022
Adel Abdel Moneim, Marwa A. Radwan, Ahmed I. Yousef
Severe pneumonia could affect gas exchange and result in hypoxemia. Notably, hypoxia decreases the energy necessary for cell metabolism and increases the anaerobic pathway in the body63. Hypoxemia is thought to diminish the energy supply of cardiomyocytes due to serious pulmonary injury, resulting in intracellular acidosis and reactive oxygen species that damage the cell membrane 31. Furthermore, hypoxia can promote calcium ion influx, which can lead to apoptosis and cause damage to cardiomyocytes. Autopsy research found intravascular coagulopathy with fibrin thrombosis of the minor arterial capillaries in 87% of specimens. This might clarify the substantial hypoxemia that distinguishes the clinical aspect of ARDS in COVID-19 cases79. In short, the imbalance of myocardial oxygen supply and demand is caused by the enhanced cardiometabolic requirements linked to systemic infection as well as hypoxia due to severe pneumonia or ARDS, resulting in heart injury63 (Figure 1).