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Psychosocial Aspects of Diabetes
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Regardless of a person being diabetic or not, the development of anxiety follows a specific pathway. The sympathetic nerves alert the adrenal medulla to release adrenaline and a small amount of dopamine. The adrenaline induces release of the neurotransmitter epinephrine, boosting blood pressure and blood glucose. The glucose, with stored fatty acids, can be turned into quick energy by muscles. However, once this “rush” is over, the body experiences a “crash.” The muscles – especially in the chest – feel tired and sore because of tension and rapid breathing. Hyperactivity of the amygdala, regardless of cause, indicates that an individual is not just experiencing a transient episode of anxiety, but may have an actual anxiety disorder warranting treatment.
Primary adrenal malignancy
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
Ayshea Hameeduddin, Anju Sahdev, Rodney H Reznek
The adrenal medulla lies centrally within each adrenal gland and is composed of neuroendocrine (chromaffin) cells. The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines, including adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine and is under the control of the sympathetic nervous system. Pheochromocytomas (PC) and neuroblastomas (NB) are the two most important tumours which arise from the adrenal medulla.
Integrated Cardiovascular Responses
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
The adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline as a result of increased sympathetic activity resulting in positive inotropy and peripheral vasoconstriction to facilitate an increase in blood pressure. Circulating adrenaline also increases blood glucose levels by opposing the peripheral effects of insulin and by hepatic glycogenolysis. It also promotes lipolysis, releasing free fatty acids. These fatty acids are a ready source of energy.
Adrenocortical carcinoma arising from the colonic mesentery
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Samuel Z. See, Sinan Ali Bana, Nuvaira Ather, Amy Haberman
Primary ACC is a malignant tumor arising from the adrenal gland, specifically the adrenal cortex. The two primary components of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla, are formed by separate embryologic origins. The cortex is derived from the urogenital ridge and celomic epithelium, while the medulla is derived from neural crest cells.2,3 The urogenital ridge is a structure within the embryologic mesoderm that also gives rise to the gonads, kidneys, and reproductive tract while the celomic epithelium produces the lining of the abdominal organs and surface of the body wall.3,4 This embryologic phenomenon is thought to explain the observation of ectopic adrenocortical tissue. However, these cases are rarely observed in adults because ectopic adrenal tissue typically atrophies during infancy.4 Reported sites of ectopy include the testes, ovaries, kidneys, bowel, pancreas, liver, lungs, and mesentery.1 To our knowledge, fewer than five cases of ectopic ACCs have been reported to arise from the mesentery, which was the case in our patient.5–7
Relationships between antenatal corticosteroids and catecholamine blood pressure support in neonates: considering of maternal stress-related diseases
Published in Stress, 2020
Alexandra Garafova, Eva Kornanova, Darina Chovancova, Miroslav Borovsky, Peter Karailiev, Natasa Hlavacova, Daniela Jezova
Healthy child development is, among others, under strong influence of prenatal and perinatal exposure to stress stimuli (Kingston et al., 2015). Even the child coming to this world is a great stressful event for both the mother and her neonate, in particular in the case of preterm or premature birth. Sympathetic and cardiovascular activation accompanied by catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla belongs to the main components of the stress response. Rapid effects of catecholamines are inevitable for coping with acute “fight or flight” stress situations. In the long-term view, however, catecholamines released under stress conditions are thought to have negative influence on human health and represent risk factors for the development of stress-related adverse factors and diseases (Goldstein & Kopin, 2008; Jezova & Herman, 2016).
Acute stress enhances the sensitivity for facial emotions: a signal detection approach
Published in Stress, 2019
Acute psychosocial stress activates the HPA-axis and the sympathetic-adrenal system which results in the secretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol in humans) and catecholamines (Allen, Kennedy, Cryan, Dinan, & Clarke, 2014). Cortisol is secreted from the adrenal cortex and binds to two different classes of receptors: mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Catecholamines in turn are mainly secreted from the adrenal medulla. Being unable to cross the blood brain barrier, they mainly act on adrenal receptors in the periphery. Over the last decades, numerous studies have demonstrated that stress affects cognitive function such as episodic memory as a result of complex interactions of glucocorticoids and catecholamines at the level of the amygdala, where a high concentration of MR can be found (Roozendaal, McEwen, & Chattarji, 2009). In addition, other basic cognitive processes such as perception, attention and response selection are prone to the acute effects of psychosocial stress as well (Liston, McEwen, & Casey, 2009).