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The Pathophysiology of Male Infertility
Published in Botros Rizk, Ashok Agarwal, Edmund S. Sabanegh, Male Infertility in Reproductive Medicine, 2019
General causatives of impaired spermatogenesis are scrotal heat, endocrine and genetic disorders, drugs, and toxins [26]. Endocrine disorders may include abnormalities in the HPG axis, adrenal gland disorders, thyroid dysfunctions, hyper-prolactinemia, and hypogonadism. The genetic defects may lead to gonadal dysgenesis, Klinefelter syndrome (KS), while severe spermatogenesis impairment has been observed due to microdeletions of the Y chromosome sections. Genitourinary disorders may also afflict spermatogenesis, among which cryptorchidism or undescended testis is one of the most prevalent congenital disorders [27]. Other important genitourinary disorders include infection, injury, testicular atrophy, as well as varicocele, which will be discussed in details in the following sections. Exposure to excessive heat due to excessive physical activities, tight clothing, and exposure to radiation may increase scrotal temperature, affecting spermatogenesis.
Single Best Answer Questions
Published in Vivian A. Elwell, Jonathan M. Fishman, Rajat Chowdhury, SBAs for the MRCS Part A, 2018
Vivian A. Elwell, Jonathan M. Fishman, Rajat Chowdhury
With regard to adrenal gland disorders:Adrenal insufficiency results in hypokalaemia and hypernatraemiaConn’s syndrome results in hyperkalaemiaCushing’s disease is due to a cortisol-producing tumour of the adrenal cortexPheochromocytoma is due to oversecretion of cortisol by a tumour of the adrenal medullaCongenital adrenal hyperplasia (adrenogenital syndrome) results in virilization and salt wasting
Neutrophil–Lymphocyte Ratio as a Prognostic Marker in Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Published in Endocrine Research, 2021
Mirsala Solak, Ivana Kraljević, Karin Zibar Tomšić, Marko Kaštelan, Luka Kakarigi, Darko Kaštelan
This is a retrospective, single-institution study which included 59 patients referred to the Croatian Referral Center for adrenal gland disorders with the diagnosis of ACC. Data on demographics, preoperative blood counts, hormonal work-up, surgery and pathology reports, medical treatment and follow-up were collected from electronic medical records. In 11 patients, data on the preoperative blood count were not available for analysis (ACC surgery performed in another hospital (n = 8) or before 2010 (n = 3) when the electronic medical record software started to be used in our center). Therefore, the final study population comprised of 48 patients. The study was approved by the University Hospital Center Zagreb ethics committee.
Changes in serum pigment epithelium-derived factor levels after kidney transplantation in patients with end-stage renal disease
Published in Renal Failure, 2022
Réka Szentimrei, Hajnalka Lőrincz, Anita Szentpéteri, Viktória E. Varga, Mariann Harangi, Ildikó Seres, Réka P. Szabó, Balázs Nemes, György Paragh
We excluded participants with a liver disease, elevated liver enzymes, endocrine diseases (thyroid and parathyroid diseases, pituitary and adrenal gland disorders, etc.), an acute infective and an autoimmune disease. Further exclusion criteria were pregnancy, lactation, current smoking, alcoholism and drug addiction. Fourteen (20%) transplanted patients were diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. The main immunosuppression regime consisted of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and methyl-prednisolone.
Luteal support with vaginal dydrogesterone increases pregnancy rate in patients with clomifene resistant polycystic ovary syndrome receiving letrozole for ovulation induction
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2019
Mohamed Rezk, Haitham Hamza, El-Sayed El-Shamy
Patients with endocrine disorders affecting ovulation as hyperprolactinemia, thyroid, and adrenal gland disorders as well as those with structural abnormalities as uterine fibroids, endometriosis, ovarian cyst, and pelvic inflammatory disease were excluded from the study.